Letters are from family, friends, fellow musicians, and business associates to John and Louise Powell concerning music as well as personal information unless otherwise noted. Correspondence of Louise Powell is included as she is a correspondent for John Powell when he is busy or traveling. Boxes 1-25

There is information on students of John Powell; personal notes and memos related to addresses and household matters. There are also press statements, transcripts of interviews, and V.I.P. correspondence.

Correspondents include [Ada] to Angel Child; Mrs. G. L. Beardsley to NBC; Betty [Brockenbrough] to Alice [Dukes]; Betty [Brockenbrough] to Mary Stevens; Leigh [Brockenbrough] to [Frank]; Theo R. Bunting to [Brother K. L.]; Mary Selden W. Cobb; Francis Warrington Dawson to Bernard Lytton-Bernard; Francis Warrington Dawson to Alice Dukes; Alice Dukes to Betty [Brockenbrough]; William C. Gassner to Mrs. Arthur Fickenscher; Kate Dalliban Johns to [Johnathon]; Matsukhi [Kerry] to Betty [Brockenbrough]; Pritzi Kerry to Betty [Brockenbrough]; Director of the Little Theatre League to Dr. Pusey; Little Mary to Betty [Brockenbrough]; Little Mary to Wade R. Brown; Mabelle Plum Roper to Mrs. Carter; S. L. Rothafel to E. Jerome Hart; Caroline Spattle to Bessie Haupt; Mamie [Taylor] to [Margaret]; Pearh H. Van Vlub to Rebecca Powell Carter; Sophie Weisse to Mrs. Gould; Sophie Weisse to Antonie Kaiserfeldt.

Correspondents include Martha Lee Allison to Mrs. [Kitty] Wood; Molly Bon Folk Ballad; Annabel Morris Buchanan; Annabel Morris Buchanan to Father Finn; Annabel Morris Buchanan to Edith M. Keller; Annabel Morris Buchanan to Mrs. Eugene Davis; Annabel Morris Buchanan to J. B. Hicklin; James R. Butler; Norman Call to Arthur Scrivenor, Jr.; Richard Crane to Annabel Morris Buchanan; H. P. Chadbourne; Paulist Choristers to Annabel Morris Buchanan; Mrs. Helen Ackroyd-Clare; Mrs. C. S. Ferguson to [Betty] Brockenbrough; Mrs. Louise B. Findlay to [Frances] Wendt; William C. Gassner to Mrs. Fickenscher; E. Harold Geer to Ann Luckey; Ivan J. Gorokhoff; T. H. Gurney to Robert F. Nelson; Dr. Sidney B. Hall; Aileen G. Hamner to Annabel Morris Buchanan; Aileen G. Hamner to William C. Gassner; A. H. Handley to Annabel Morris Buchanan; Elizabeth [Hill] to [Kitty] Wood; Vera Bull Hull and Ionian Quartet Agreement; Beatrice Pinkney Jones to Annabel Morris Buchanan; Edith M. Keller to Annabel Morris Buchanan; Verbon E. Kemp to Annabel Morris Buchanan; Verbon E. Kemp to Julia Fuqua Ober; Verbon E. Kemp to Dr. T. Tertius Noble; Arnold Kruckman to Annabel Morris Buchanan; Ethel Leginska to A. H. Handley; Delia Page Marshall to [Betty] Brockenbrough; Lydia Neebson; Robert F. Nelson; R. J. Nelson to W. S. Dey; Julia Fuqua Ober to Annabel Morris Buchanan; Julia Fuqua Ober to Verbon E. Kemp, Norman Call, and Mrs. Channing; Ruth Ottaway; M. Arthur Scrivenor, Jr. to Louise Boyd; Lamar Stringfield; Hugh L. Sulfridge; Maria Kennedy Tod; Caroline Laud Wharton to [Daniel Gregory] Mason.

Correspondents include G. Josephine Airy to Luther A. Richman; Bernard Autrey to W. T. Couch; Louise Snead Benton to Sallie Stephens Perkins; John A. Blakemore to Marie and Winston Wilkinson; Annabel Morris Buchanan to Sydney F. Small and Erich Rath; Annabel Morris Buchanan to Raimonde Aubrey; Annabel Morris Buchanan to Julia Fuqua Ober; Annabel Morris Buchanan to Richard Crane; Annabel Morris Buchanan to Carl Fischer; Annabel Morris Buchanan to A. L. Lambdin; Annabel Morris Buchanan to Harry Sherb; Annabel Morris Buchanan to Marie Wilkinson; James Branch Cabell to Elizabeth Burchenal; Chalmers Clifton to Elizabeth Davenport; Mrs. Eldridge Copenhaver to Annabel Morris Buchanan; W. T. Coston; W. T. Coston to George Pullen Jackson; L. J. Denson to George Pullen Jackson; Alice Dukes to Betty Brockenbrough; Walter Prichard Eaton to George Pullen Jackson; Parker Hamaker to Elsie Ilingworth; Mellinger E. Henry to George Pullen Jackson; Alice Humphrey to Lamar Stringfield; George Pullen Jackson to Annabel Morris Buchanan; George Pullen Jackson to Ernest LaPrade; George Pullen Jackson to Hilton Rufty; Edwalyn de Kay; Verbon E. Kemp to Annabel Morris Buchanan; Emma and Christl Kerry; Matsukhi Kerry to Betty [Brockenbrough]; Pritzi and Matsukhi Kerry to Evelyn de Sayn; Nona Napier to Marie Wilkinson; John Lloyd Newcomb to Winston Wilkinson; Mrs. Walter S. Pinder to Elsie Illingworth; Mary V. Robertson to George Pullen Jackson; Hilton Rufty; Postley Sinclair to Frances McFarland; J. M. Taylor Smith to W. T. Couch; Arthur A. De Titta to Verbon E. Kemp; Arthur A. De Titta to Robert F. Nelson; Winston Wilkinson to T. G. Porterfield.

Correspondents include Theodore C. Achilles, Third Secretary of American Embassy, United States Foreign Service to Alice Dukes; John A. Blakemore to Patricia Parmelee; Mrs. Clifford R. Caperton to Mrs. M. L. Millner; Grace Potter Carroll to Florence Robertson; Richard Chase to Winston Wilkinson; Harold C. Cobb to Winston Wilkinson; Edith Sullivan Golde to Florence Robertson; Louise and Sidney Homer to Elizabeth C. Davenport; Douglas Kennedy to Carol Preston; M. J. Pickering and Sarah Gertrude Knott to Jim Chisholm; Daniel Gregory Mason to Buford Nolting; William S. Propst to Frank S. Richeson; Edmund A. Rennolds, Jr. to Maude Karples; John H. Steinway to Mrs. Charles H. Robertson.

Correspondents include Miriam Boocock; Alfred and Margaret Booker; Hazel Brownham to Jessie Mayland Day; Annabel Morris Buchanan; Annabel Morris Buchanan to Richard Crane; Annabel Morris Buchanan to John Preston McConnell; Richard Chase; Francis Warrington Dawson to Isabel Anderson; Jessie Mayland Day; Marguerite Hearsey to Frances Wendt; Pritzi Kerry; Mary Mason to Mrs. H. L. Caruman; Percy Chase Miller to Dr. T. Tertius Noble; Margaret Munn; Mrs. Robert F. Nelson to Colonel Hodges; Ethel Newcomb to Florence Robertson; Julia Fuqua Ober; Eric Rath; Hilton Rufty to George Pullen Jackson; Yvonne de Treville; Edna Turpin; Marie Wilkinson; Efrem Zimbalist to Elizabeth Davenport.

Correspondents include Pritzi Kerry to Betty Brockenbrough; Ruth Conray; Mrs. C. W. Read, Jr. to George Pullen Jackson; Mary Stevens to Betty Brockenbrough.

These are notes and advertisements for books and songs that John Powell kept for interest or purchase.

TM, 19 pp.

Powell kept notes about songs, Marcus Garvey, William Sherrill and stories about "Negroes."

Musical score.

Musical score.

Musical score.

Some East and Central African Themes; "Horn Fair, ""Essex House songbook, ""May-Day Carol, ""So Selfish Runs the Hare, ""The Poor Little Fisher Boy, ""Arise, Arise, ""The Old Dominion, ""Josh, ""Jarabaude, ""Christians Hope, ""Possum Tree, ""The Wedding of Miss Duck, ""Bonnie Blue Eyes, ""Betty Gooden, ""The First Blessing, ""Recess in Heaven, " and "Broken Octave. "

A first hand account of life on the battlefield in the Civil War by an unidentified author, possibly named [Hawes].

Hand made illustrated book and a birthday letter.

Sketches of John Powell and colleagues.

"The Pilgrim Spirit; " notes on Austrian embroidery; notes on Pantomimic Dance; drawings of faces.

White Top Festival contestants, program notes and folk music handout.

Poems.

Poems.

John Temple Graves talks about music in the South.

Score.

Score.

Score.

Stories.

Story.

Story.

TM rough draft of their play and correspondence with the publishers.

There is also a letter (1935) from Beverley L. Britton, University of Richmond, who is returning a copy of the play with new revisions that she made while directing it.

Poem.

Short story.

Short stories.

There are 4 copies (revisions) of it with a letter from Mary Block, of George T. Bye, Inc. Story.

To the General Assembly of Virginia. White residents issue a petition complaining that there are free mulattoes living on the land that was given to the Indian ancestors of the mulattoes. The petitioners write that the negroes could bring evil and they describe it as , "...the ready asylum of runaway slaves, and a secure harbor for every one who wishes concealment."

The Richmond Times-Dispatch .

A Review of Some Insidious Literature on Race Propaganda and the Answer. The Progressive , August 1, 1925.

A Weekly Review of Literature, The Arts, and Public Affairs.

Curator, Division of Physical Anthropology, U. S. National Museum, Smithsonian Institution at the Third Race Betterment Conference, Battle Creek, Michigan.

House Bill 25 requires applicants for a marriage license to state under oath their racial status as well as have an affidavit showing their accurate race. House Bill 2 is intended to add a definition of a colored person to the present law which only defines a white person.

Right, A Journal of Forward Looking American Nationalism .

J. Edgar Hoover Exposes Youth as Target of Communists, excerpts from "Fact-Finding Memo B, "Grass Roots League .

A layman's estimate of the Supreme Court.

1 scrapbook of twelve newspaper articles (pasted into a notebook) that depict families with negro blood in their ancestry but are living as white.

The article supports the Constitution of the United States and points out a concern that the Supreme Court is executing too much power in its interpretations of the Constitution, particularly in the last twenty five years when President Roosevelt came into office.

There is an indictment on Ray Wynn who, as a colored man, married a white woman, May Wilson. The Commonwealth of Virginia must prove that she is white and that he is colored, and that they were officially married. Wynn would also have to know at the time of the marriage that he is part negro.

Powell writes about a bill that is needed to define a colored person in accord with the definition of whites. Powell writes that the law since 1910 states that a colored person is defined by a certain fraction of African blood. The Virginia Racial Integrity Act of 1924 defines a white person as having no trace of any blood other than Caucasian or having less than 1/16 of Indian blood.

Judge Henry Edwin Bolte is promoting a nationwide movement to annul the 14th amendment. He believes that by eliminating the negroes from politics, "white people will not have to work under a [sic] negro officials." He claims that "negro suffrage was obtained by fraud."

Blakely writes that there is no pure black music because it is influenced by modern white music. He states, "The Negro has been credited with all our musical degeneracy...Broadway and modern music influence, via radio, is corrupting the Negro's natural ear for music. The African has not ruined our musical sense; we are ruining his."

Mason would like to read the speech that Powell gave at the Club in Richmond on "Americanism."

"My editor suggested that you should be able to do something of interest with Negro material... and in the course of a wide-ranging chat he amplified this remark by extolling your 'Rhapsodie Negre ' as a masterpiece of scurrilous abuse...You know just how he must hate those darkies! I am curious as to how that criticism may strike you."

Dawson writes about a story that mocks Negroes titled, "The Negro of the Jazz Band, " by Rene Bizet.

Martin writes that Powell is a "pure American from Dixie."

Dawson's war novel is accepted favorably by Doubleday Page. He attributes its success to Rudyard Kipling. He also wonders if Powell received his "negro plot."

Peel writes that his sister, Miss Alfreda Peel witnessed a statement in which Dr. Margaret Hoskins, a former teacher of histology at the Medical College of Virginia made on the morning of the presidential election. Hoskins stated that "she would just as soon marry an educated nigger as an illiterate white man."

Powell writes, "I am winning JBC [James Branch Cabell] for White America . He seems thrilled with my tms and is anxious to read Cox's. We might get Mencken through him..."

Hobert Hall highly praises John Powell for his music and his racial integrity efforts.

Carver writes that there are four possible solutions to the race question amalgamation, a caste system, territorial separation, and colonization.

Bettinger writes that the Anglo-Saxon Constitution would be more effective if it were simpler. He also writes that they would like to be represented at the convention but current conditions make it impossible.

Williams, president of Virgina Polytechnical Institute, writes that they have been unable to organize an Anglo-Saxon Club due to a lack of formal support, and too few people and speakers.

Cox sends her a complimentary copy of White America and writes about the race problem.

Giddings thinks that the book White America by Earnest Sevier Cox is interesting and he agrees with most of it. However, Giddings and Dr. Conklin from Princeton do not believe that it is the inferior stock that survives in Mendelian law. Giddings also mentions his own skepticism about the possibility of deporting negroes.

Dawson likes the "White America" idea but he is concerned that the "Anglo-Saxon" name would turn off some people who could be supporters. Dawson also writes that he would like to hear more news about the clubs.

Davis receives a pamphlet on the Anglo-Saxon Clubs of America from Williams and writes that he will read it with a great deal of interest.

Grant offers his support to racial integrity legislation as it reaches the General Assembly of Virginia. He writes that it would be typical for Virginia to lead the South in this legislation. Grant also writes about the struggle to maintain "the supremacy of the white race" and that the mixing of the races ruins civilizations.

Stoddard writes in support of the Anglo-Saxon petition requesting legislation that would require the registration of all residents by race. He writes that "this is a matter of racial life and death" and that "no efforts should be spared to guard against the greatest of all perils- the peril of miscegenation."

M. O. Williams resigns as President of the Virginia Polytechnical Institute (V.P.I.) Chapter and withdraws from the Anglo-Saxon Club. Reid wants "to publish [the resignation] and use the newspaper to increase interest for an Anglo-Saxon Club in Blacksburg."

Freeman asks that Powell read over the enclosed letter and advise whether it should be printed or not. (The letter is not included.)

Stoddard congratulates Powell for his efforts.

Gooch writes, "... It may interest you to know that I was responsible for the act designating the fraction of negro blood as sufficient to make a negro, before your efforts." He also writes, "I understand from unquestioned authority that male and female negroes sat a table with the whites at meals only last week. I trust that your association reaches this for I can not understand such a meeting being tolerated in Virginia under any circumstances."

Gooch writes that the information he had written about negroes eating at the same table as whites was not accurate. He explains that "it did not happen at the YM or YWCA at Lynchburg College because those from V.P.I and Farmville advised against it." He writes that "this sort of thing ought to be nipped in the bud."

White writes, "I am interested in the 'New Virginia Law ' to promote the purity of the white race. Major Earnest Sevier Cox sent me his book, White America , and referred me to Dr. Plecker and you for further information."

Abott is interested in Anglo-Saxon Leagues and likes Powell's music.

McCulloch writes that now that he is living in Norfolk he has a much better understanding of racial integrity. He writes that he "is convinced that unless something is done in the near future to prevent intermingling of the races, the next generation, even, will show appreciable signs of racial mixture."

Odum writes, "I will print a good deal of your letter (Powell's response to a review of White America ) because it is the kind of thing that THE JOURNAL stands for. We appreciate letters of this sort which come with direct and critical frankness. Our own feeling is that we must positively keep out of the field of being primarily a journal of public opinion. Sometimes present challenges that may not be the truth but may bring out the truth on the opposite side."

Kirkus read the pamphlet Powell gave him about the Anglo-Saxon Club. He writes, "I shall watch any opportunity to do what you wish in the matter. I don't know how far I shall succeed but I will do my best to enlist the interest of the special group we talked about."

White would like to help the cause but must do so "sub-rosa."

Holt sends Powell a copy of a memorandum in the Sorrells case. He writes, " It does do deserve the name 'opinion '." [sic]

Assistant Attorney General of Virginia writes that he has heard that if the State decides to appeal the Sorrells case, Judge Holt will "declare the racial integrity act unconstitutional." Bazille writes that they are willing to appeal it but recommends that they retreat so that there is no risk of racial integrity laws being reversed across the State.

Powell writes that he "cannot but feel that Judge Holt has been too meticulous in his objections to the law." Powell writes that he thinks that all of their racial records going back to 1853 would become void if the racial terminology is changed and if colored no longer refers to Negro but also Indian.

Eggleston asks for the last rulings [dues amount] on the membership of the Anglo-Saxon Club of America.

Berkeley requests copies of the Constitution of Anglo-Saxon Clubs. He also wants a commitment from members and admittance based on principles.

Yeatman writes that she would like Powell to speak to the Tidewater Committee of Colonial Dames on the subject of race preservation.

Mapp praises Powell for his legislation and preservation of Anglo-Saxon racial integrity. He also writes, "that the admittedly truest Anglo-Saxon strain of blood in the world, reverting to type in face and features most nearly, is to be found in the two Eastern Shore counties of Virginia." Mapp writes that he would like to have one or more similar chapters to be established on the Eastern shore. He also mentions that he would like to interest Powell in Mapp's campaign for governorship.

McKenry sends a copy of Judge Bolte's booklet "Why the Negro Should Not Vote or The Fraud of the Fourteenth Amendment. "

Powell writes that he is concerned that McGuire has been criticizing Powell for the handling of the Hoskins affair.

Mapp is glad that Powell is willing to come to the Eastern Shore to organize some Anglo-Saxon Clubs.

Tuttle writes about her interest in the Anglo-Saxon clubs. She also describes America while she is abroad, "America from this distance appears in [grotesque] Ku Klux colors..."

McGuire writes that he does not remember criticizing Powell for the handling of the Hoskins affair. He also writes that he would be glad to make amends if Powell would show how he has wronged him.

Hawes writes that Brigadier General A. J. Bowley, in command of their Post, is deeply interested in Powell's efforts in racial integrity and "desires to get all the Dope he can on the subject." He is "tickled " with the article on the lawyer's opinion of the non-passage of the 14th Amendment.

Bowley thanks Powell for the pamphlets and asks Powell not to mention his name because in his official position he cannot afford to have anyone know of his interest in Powell's organization. He also writes that he can do more good from behind the scenes.

Powell writes that he is glad to see racial integrity legislation in Ohio because the prevention of miscegenation requires the efforts of all the states. Powell complains that when Governor Trinkle of Virginia sent copies of the law to all of the governors requesting them to create similar legislation, the only disapproval came from Minnesota where they denied having any race mixing. Powell writes that intermarriage takes place there without even being recorded.

Dabney requests that Powell send him information on the Anglo-Saxon Clubs of America and copies of the Racial Integrity Bill.

Louise Powell writes that their racial integrity legislation was defeated.

Powell writes that the Attorney General and Judge Shewmake decide not to appeal the Sorrells case because the court does not recognize Dr. Plecker's evidence as being official state record. He also writes that he has written a paper for publication on this case and that he has taken great care to be respectful to Holt. He explains that the purpose of the paper is to "cover our temporary retreat, and consolidate our position to resist the next attack."

Holt thanks Powell for his paper on racial integrity. He also writes that he has no stake in the opinion that he gave in the Sorrells case and that he tried to make the case easy to appeal. He writes in support of Powell's racial integrity legislation, "So far as I am advised there is no white man in Virginia who does not wish to see it preserved."

Guy writes about his admiration for the racial integrity work of Powell and asks him to give a lecture in Hampton, Virginia. He also writes about the extremes in Hampton between the transients and the old Virginia families. Guy also writes about the Hampton Institute and its "noble purpose in uplifting a handicapped race," but he argues that it has potential dangers.

Mapp sends a telegram advising that it is not the right time to organize the Anglo-Saxon Chapter due to a lack of advertising in the newspapers.

Powell writes that there are thirty-one Anglo-Saxon Posts and he would like to have them all over the country, particularly desiring to have one in Mississippi with Deavours heading it.

Hall is interested in Anglo-Saxon Clubs and offers suggestions for a National Anthem.

Powell writes about some concert fees and hopes that the Anglo-Saxon Post is alive and flourishing.

Neill writes that he is in agreement with this pamphlet and is in favor of strengthening the law on the subject. He writes, "The House, if it saw fit, could, by resolution grant the courtesy to Mr. John Powell to make an address on this subject."

Davis writes that he wants similar racial integrity laws in Atlanta, Georgia. He would also like for Powell to make an address to their legislature.

Powell responds that it would be a "privilege to be of any assistance" and that he is encouraged to learn that the General Assembly may pass a racial integrity law in Georgia.

James makes negative comments about Plecker's work in racial integrity in a conversation with Powell and again later in a meeting with Powell's colleagues. James says that he would like "to see the leading lawyer, the leading physician, and the leading minister of the Gospel of Richmond, negroes; and that any time the best citizens of Richmond could be seen at Atlantic City dancing in cabarets with negresses." Powell forms a committee to review James' statements and James threatens to sue Powell for slander. Powell responds by making threats to James' position on the Board of Public Welfare. Under pressure James denies his comments, and Powell collects statements from his colleagues to prove that James did make the comments. Powell writes that a public service official with such views is "a very real menace to the public." There is also a handwritten first draft of this letter.

Powell sends James copies of the signed statements from several colleagues who were present at the meeting where James made "antagonistic" comments. Powell writes that Major Cox, Miss Burleigh, Mrs. Staples and Mrs. Beattie would be willing to allow James to explain the discrepancy between his denial and their memory of the event.

Powell writes about the charges from The Newport News Daily Press about an unfortunate incident [mixing of the races] at the Hampton Institute. He states that if the charges are true, the American public has a right to be informed of the situation. If not true, the Institute should say they are unfounded. Powell writes that if the situation is not cleared up, it will be "injurious to negro education and dangerous to the whole country."

McComas writes that he received a copy of White America . He also writes that he is working on a play where the races are mixed and the result is "a pit of negroid degeneracy."

Powell writes in defense of the Anglo-Saxon Clubs of America and Marcus Garvey. He writes, "Anglo-Saxon Clubs of America is a non-secret, non-fraternal and non-sectarian organization; it has no connection whatever with the Ku Klux Klan nor with the White America Society." He also writes that its purpose is to preserve both the white and black race and prevent miscegenation. He claims that the clubs help to pass racial integrity legislation and has not been harmful to the Negroes. He also writes about his association with Marcus Garvey.

Powell answers questions from Dabney concerning the Garvey movement by writing that the solution to racial integrity is to separate the races by sending the Negroes to Africa. Powell explains, "Africa is for the Africans... The Great Dark Mother will welcome home her children from school." Powell also writes that Garvey is capable of completing the movement.

Louise Powell asks Garvey to review Powell's letter to Dabney and let Powell know if it is okay. She also writes that Powell will be delighted to address the Universal Negro Improvement Association in New York. She offers praise for a speech by William Sherrill, Acting President of the Universal Negro Improvement Association. (U.N.I.A.)

McGuire writes that he had to operate and was unable to attend the meeting. He would have gone if he had been available and he appreciates Powell's desire to have him at the meeting.

Garvey writes that he approves of Powell's letter to Dabney. He also informs Powell that he has written to New York to arrange a date for Powell to speak.

McComas writes that due to the recommendations from the Powells, he has obtained a job with a publisher. He wishes that he could find more time to write his plays and has had to drop the "negro" play. He agrees with the ideas in the book White America and the belief that an inferior race cannot sustain itself.

McClatchy writes a letter introducing John Powell.

Elswich writes of his interest in Anglo-Saxon Clubs; "I am interested in the preservation and development of the Anglo-Saxon stock of people to be found in the mountains of Southwestern Virginia, West Virginia and Eastern Kentucky...We are now trying to raise funds to maintain an industrial mission school in the mountains in Buchanan County Virginia."

The court decides that a marriage license can be issued by A. T. Shields for Atha Sorrells and Robert Painter. Judge [Henry W. Holt] decides that even though he is very supportive of racial integrity legislation, there is a lack of evidence showing her to be Colored. Holt writes that without evidence, mixed couples are free to marry. He states, "We find ourselves where we were in the beginning. Alice herself never got into a deeper tangle."

[Verbon] writes that, "I have interested a number of fellows here at the 'Y ' in your work and I believe an Anglo-Saxon Club could be formed. I went by to see Ernest Cox when in Richmond and had a dandy talk with him about his new book. I think Let My People Go is a master piece. I ordered a dozen copies and distributed them among friends, always with the request that they pass it on to their friends."

Cox writes about the history of the American Colonization Society and encloses the House Joint Resolution "memorializing the Congress of the United States..." to provide for the colonization of persons of African descent, at their own request, in Liberia, or anywhere in Africa. There are also typed notes included with the House Joint Resolution.

McDougle writes about his book on racial integrity, "There is no question in my mind that this book will create a stir and shock some people for years to come if they read it."

Brookes requests that Powell visit Charlotte County, Virginia in order to organize an Anglo-Saxon Club.

Guy sends a copy of his letter pleading for the passage of the Massenburg bill which forbids the mixing of the races. He writes, "...Some say it is a disgrace to the state of Virginia to pass a law to keep white people from going to colored entertainments but it will be a further disgrace if such a law is defeated in the Virginia legislature, thereby giving the cue to Du Bois and his white niggers to resume their campaign for social equality in Virginia and if in Virginia, the entire South, and if the South, the entire United States will be involved." Guy also mentions "the dangerous precedent that the Hampton Institute is setting by allowing the mixing of the races."

Gray writes an editorial to The Richmond Times-Dispatch defending the "Bear Mountain Mission." He requests that his name be kept anonymous and wants Powell to send in the editorial for him. Included is a note from Powell to the editor of the newspaper, "I received to day the following statement, sent me by one in whom I have every confidence, who wished that his name be withheld."

Powell threatens opponents of the Massenburg bill which requires all segregated seating at public assemblies. Powell writes, "In all seriousness, I warn you that the defeat of this bill may bring tragedy and horror upon the oldest English-speaking community in America." He adds that others support this view, such as Judge Spratley, who pleaded for it with "a broken voice and tearful eyes." He warns that he "does not envy the opponents of this bill the responsibility they are unnecessarily and gratuitously assuming." He also writes that this letter "was inspired by a sincere desire to spare you bitter regret."

Bowens requests a copy of Mongrels in Virginia by John Powell.

Powell defends an "attack" that was made on him for his legislation that proposes the raising of taxes on cosmetics and a racial integrity law. The criticism is made by Mr. Mencken from the The Baltimore Evening Sun .

Williams is interested and anxious to help, but since he is so far away he needs to be kept informed of what they want him to do.

Powell thanks the newspaper for their appreciative comment during a time of criticism on his racial legislation before the Virginia General Assembly. Powell claims that Negroes were registering as Indians creating a "path from black to white." He explains that the pattern went from "Indianoid negro to Negroid Indian, Negroid Indian to plain Indian, plain Indian to Indianoid white, whose marriage to a white person established his position in the white class."

Averill writes in support of colonization and has many ideas about its financing. He names several people who he thinks would be helpful such as, H.S. Firestone, who could create jobs in Liberia by investing $100,000 for rubber production. He also discusses Marcus Garvey, "a man of remarkable influence" . He also writes that, "given a good start off and the colored race will follow their leaders-like sheep through a broken fence."

Guy writes about the Massenburg bill, "Our Separation Bill will come out victorious...It was suggested that each one of us write a letter to Senator Holt regarding the Massenburg Bill...I thought it a good plan to mail one to each Senator as well as our two local representatives in the House, Mr. Massenburg and Mr. Mugler...."

Louise Powell writes that "Dr. Plecker asked her to answer Judge Bolte's wire asking if a list of prominent people who are 'negroid ' has been published." She responds that no such list has been published by Dr.Plecker or Mr. Powell. She also writes that the editor of The Richmond News-Leader is concerned that many aristocrats will be classified as "colored" if the new legislation is passed. She explains that the bill is designed to exclude only the Indians who have mixed with Negroes.

Soliman writes that he notices that Powell is for repatriation and offers his volume of work for Powell to review. Soliman is coming to meet with President Coolidge but first wants to find out the public opinion on the subject.

Averill thanks her for the enclosures and regrets that he can't do much work on establishing a post. He writes, "You see, I have passed 70 birthdays and that is telling enough of the story why not."

Louise Powell reviews the book, Free Negro Heads of Families in 1830 . She writes that the book is confusing and depicts the legislation against miscegenation as "a desire to reduce the free negroes to slavery- nothing else." She also writes that Dr. Plecker is now accepting the 1924 law with its compromises but is still negative about the possibility of passing better legislation. She also writes "[Plecker] said that the Massenburg bill became a law automatically without the Governor's signature."

Robinson introduces himself as a black professor, president of the Institution of Learning at Claremont, Virginia and secret supporter of Marcus Garvey's 'Back to Africa ' and the United Negro Improvement Association (U.N.I.A.) The letter tells the history of the Institute and the plans to make it the 'Back to Africa ' southern headquarters. There is a debt of $60,000 on the mortgage that needs to be paid by April 9th. They need a loan until the U.N.I.A. has time to come up with the funds. He is heartbroken to lose the school and pleads with Powell for a loan in utmost secrecy.

The correspondent writes, "In all your propaganda regarding racial relation, it appear [sic] that you are aiming to vindicate the white men. In the days of slavery in America, white men forced negro women to bed with them and if they resisted they were flogged or sold. The same rule is in force today, only in a different way." The correspondent explains that employers put pressure on "a negro girl or woman" to sleep with them or they will lose their jobs. The point is also made that "white men started this mixed color, and they are try [sic] to keep at it by using racial integrity as a veil to protect them, and at the same time defile our race...It isn't fair." There is a note in pencil on the envelope, "This needs no answer!-but I wish it could have one."

Louise Powell questions how to respond to Caleb G. Robinson's letter in which Robinson requests Powell's help with a loan for the Institute of Learning. She writes, "He seemed so very secret about it all that I wondered whether he was quite sane! However, I imagine he is, and I hope that he and his Garveyites will get their school." She also writes, "The Garvey paper carried a glowing account of Garvey's triumph over Sherrill..." She also mentions that she received a book from Dr. Soliman of Hollywood, California, The Past, Present and Future of the Negro .

Holmes writes that he is glad to call a meeting of their Eugenics Section at the Commonwealth Club.

Louise Powell writes that she is working hard on Jurgen and finds it depressing. She sends him a news clipping of an editorial titled, "Negro Segregation North. " It concerns legislation in Indianapolis and remarks that the legislation in the North would be similar to that in the South if they had as many Negroes as in the South.

Shannon asks Powell, Cox and Plecker for a statement of their publications. He also sends a copy of a pamphlet that he has published and is preparing a list of valuable publications dealing with the mixture of the races.

McClatchy sends Powell a copy of the Commonwealth Club discussion on eugenics with Professor Holmes, Chairman of the Eugenics Section, in which Holmes refers to Powell for further information. McClatchy also writes to Mrs. Victor Brenner, Secretary of the publishing company which issues the Survey of New York , and suggests that she issue a survey on the mongrelization of the white race. He writes that she is currently investigating the subject of Mexican immigration.

Bettina hopes that Powells' talks will be successful and that the "darkies will soon be all carted off to Liberia."

Powell writes that he saw an announcement in the paper for Pamunkey Reservation inhabitants to sell "Indian handicraft." Powell advises Smith that there are no Indians in this location. He informs Smith that he is copying this letter to Dr. Plecker in the hopes that Plecker will show Smith the records and explain "the difficulties- I should say horrors- which have sprung from this 'Indian 'claim."

Tuttle writes, "I must hear.. and know what you mean to do about the negro question."

Hopkins writes that, "Anti-Southern editorials in The Rochester Democrat Chronicle have stimulated me to pass my opinion on to you."

Stoddard writes, "I am sending an advance copy of my new book, Re-Forging America . I feel you will be especially interested in the chapters on the race question. When you have read the book, I would esteem it a great favor if you would write me your opinion of it."

Metcalf forwards an article on "The Problem" that she has written. She explains that it is similar to Cox's opinions. She also writes that New Orleans is not interested in the subject and that "Nobody cares! What a tragedy it all is."

Baughman suggests combining the members pledged to the Racial Integrity Association with the State Eugenics Society. He also mentions Leon F. Whitney and meeting schedules.

Davis writes that the racial integrity bill passes in Atlanta.

Folkes writes, "I was asked what does Richmond need and I said...more men like John Powell who has dreamed a dream of saving our race and all over our land is preaching a doctrine of racial integrity."

Clement introduces Judge Bryant to Powell.

Fickler writes, "It will be both a surprise and a disappointment if I do not support any amendment to the racial integrity statute which you may propose..."

Mallison asks, "Can you read my manuscript for errors and suggestions. I gave it to Mr. Copeland at Dr. Plecker's suggestion but it was too large for him to undertake. Christopher Publishing House and Harpers are not interested in considering it or proofing it... I got an amusing letter (pompous) from one Mr.Woodson, author of A Century of Negro Migration ..."

Meeks prepares for his court cases, Commonwealth vs. Mary Hall and Mott H. Wood by requesting help from the Governor of Virginia and information from Dr. Plecker. He emphasizes that a case cannot be won without evidence.

Soliman wishes a Merry Christmas to Powell and the club members. He writes that he is now the author of The Past, Present, Future of the Negro .

Swanson writes that he needs Powell to be more specific about what he wants the government to do. Swanson will talk with Ambassador Houghton if Powell will write his proposed plans.

Swanson writes that he would be glad to set up a meeting with Powell.

Sandidge offers suggestions for the proposed amendment to the racial integrity law. The Virginia law provides that a license can be withheld when there is doubt about whether the applicant is Colored. Sandidge proposes that the law also needs to ensure that a white person does not falsely claim to be Colored in order to intermarry. He also has concerns that the clerk does not have the authority for determining an individual's racial status.

Powell writes that he is sending White America , an Anglo-Saxon pamphlet, and The Breach in the Dyke . He also writes that two bills were introduced into the House by James H. Price and passed. He states, "the Bill defining colored persons we got through the Senate Courts of Justice Committee after a battle royal with the 'Redskins, ' who say they will all tie millstones round their necks and jump into the Pamunkey river if they are classed as colored and yet demand that as much as seventy-five percent negro blood be permitted in the Indian class."

Louise Powell writes that Bill No.25 was enacted and Bill No. 2 was defeated 26-13. She writes that there was a fight over the Indians on the floor with Senators Wickham and Haddon against Senator Booker. She mentions that, "Senators Norris and Warren were lobbying of Blackwell [and] Ryland had more effect than speeches. Some things were fun." She describes Plecker as "disappointed but not downcast."

Kaltenbach, Secretary to Mr. McClatchy writes, "Mr. McClatchy has become interested in the radical situation in this country since last seeing you. The radicals, as you no doubt know, are encouraging the negroes to agitate for racial equality."

Inman asks Powell to speak at a meeting in Oklahoma.

Buchanan writes, in a postscript, "I am distressed over the failure of that bill to pass the Senate- glad to see that Papa was among those who voted for it..."

Buchanan wants to invite the Hampton Choir to sing at the concert so she asks Powell for his advice. She writes, "If it were simply a question of prejudice to negro singers, I wouldn't consider that at all- we'd owe it to our negro musicians to pay some attention to what they are doing, especially when they're doing considerably better choral work than anybody else in Virginia. If negroes can do work like that, with the choral work we're trying to put over in the state and the interest we are trying to arouse, that should be an inspiration to the white people."

Cox writes her a thank you note for her card of sympathy for him when he lost the companionship of his dog.

Easley writes that their bill had a second reading yesterday but was passed by because Hill Montague was not well and did not want to have a contest. Easley states that a substitute bill was ordered printed, but Easley did not see it. He writes, "I understand that it is to amend the language on our bill so as to let in the Chickahominy tribe, and we are going to fight that to the bitter end..."

Finch has studied "Virginia's Legislative Enactments on the Racial Problem since the Civil War" in graduate school and asks for Powell's help.

Stringfield writes mostly about music for the flute and folk song collections but he mentions this incident, "Harry Rohm, my jew from Richmond that hit me with his car, rather than pay the full amount of the settlement of the case, made a good arrangement of getting out of paying the amount by getting murdered last Monday night. I do not know who did it, but I am sure if it had been me, I would have made it a tormenting job, rather than a complete and sudden departure from this world."

Ross introduces Mr. Leif Egeland who is investigating Negro conditions for the Rhodes Foundation. He writes, "I think that your discussions on the negro question would be mutually profitable and interesting."

Bushey requests the address of the Anglo Saxon Club in Richmond, Virginia.

The publishers request information on the Anglo-Saxon Club Richmond. They write, "You may be familiar with our activities. We are publishers of Sinister Shadows which is an American book that you will endorse when you read about the stand it takes against mixed marriages. We are inclosing [sic] a pamphlet, 'The Brass Weather cock ' and also one entitled 'At the Cross Road. '"

Folkes writes, "...I said you were truly great because you are a great dreamer. That in your soul was the dream of the purity of the races being maintained God like and beautiful, like God himself directed and punished when Israel dared to disobey..."

Maddox writes that he would like Powell to hear his sister's maid play her instrument. He also writes, "Had a long talk with Hobart Hall... conversation harked back to the days when we were cyclopes, dragons and what-nots." He said that while his KKK experience had been costly in loss of patronage, he had been more than repaid by his association with some of us, you of course included. "Do you ever recall the tense situations we had to face and the momentous [ ] decisions we had to make in 1921?"

Eitel writes to Powell about a square dance they are holding at the Buffalo Mineral Springs Hotel. One of the tunes starts, "Yonder, nigger 'cross the field.... "

Latane, Clerk, Circuit Court of Essex County writes that he received Plecker's letter about the families in Essex and surrounding counties who claim to have Indian blood and who have tried to effect a tribe organization. He writes that he can take the matter up with the local authorities and is willing to help.

Shannon writes about the astounding progress of amalgamation since 1870. He also mentions a book dealing primarily with racial intermixture between the Negro and the Caucasian, called The Negro in Washington: A Study in Race Amalgamation .

Hough writes that he would like for Powell to discuss racial integrity with Robert Lynd, successor of Frank Giddings in the Sociology Department at Columbia University.

Garrison writes about "a minister at Virginia Beach who is preaching race equality to the extent that he is influencing the minds of a good many of the younger people and I feel that such a situation is entirely out of order in a Virginia town. If it would be possible for you to forward me some of the literature of the Anglo-Saxon Association... it will give me the necessary ground work with which to combat this man's sentiment."

Buchanan writes about answering an article involving racial controversy. The article roasts Lamar Stringfield and "his American and her music" in The Musical Courier .

Cleaton writes, "I talked with V. Dabney [Virginius Dabney] about the article you suggested and he said he didn't know about the furor in the Negro press. If you have time, will you kindly let him have any material or information that you have handy?"

Bryan writes in defense of an expression that was used by Mrs. Everett, "Go native." He does not believe that she intended it in the way it was being interpreted by some.

Grant writes, "I noticed a small triangle at the junction of two roads at a place called Aquia Creek. In this triangle, which was fenced in, stood a very large crucifix with a large bronze Christ hanging upon it. One expects such things in Quebec or Mexico, but I was astonished to find it in Virginia. It is evidently something new, and I would like to know why it was put there and by whom..." He also writes, "I am working on a rather monumental book to be called The Nordics in America."

Ramos writes, "I just have learned that Ambassador Sumner Welles is, as I thought, a Marilander [sic] and it would seem appropriate that another person of the same state should be the one to write to him." Ramos asks for the letter of introduction to Governor Ritchie. He also writes, "Of course, I mean to utilize all the letters you were good enough to give me... best regards to Dr. Plecker and Col. Cox."

Powell writes, "This letter will introduce you to D. F. Ramos, of the University of Havana, Cuba, who is in America to study our immigration laws with a view to adopting similar legislation in Cuba. He is most anxious to discuss this matter with our Ambassador to Cuba, Sumner Welles, on his approaching return to Cuba."

Powell writes, "This letter will introduce to you D. F. Ramos, of the University of Havana, Cuba, who is in America to study our immigration laws with a view to adopting similar legislation in Cuba...He is most anxious to discuss this matter with our Ambassador to Cuba, Sumner Welles, on his approaching return to Cuba."

Powell introduces D. F. Ramos to Governor Ritchie.

Swanson replies to Powell that he would rather have D. F. Ramos write a letter directly to Ambassador Welles than to involve himself in the introduction for reasons that Powell will understand.

McHurst writes that Earnest Cox referred Powell to help them establish themselves in Liberia. He also writes that he feels that Powell can help by talking to his Senator and Congressman. He also mentions letters and forms that have been sent to the President.

McHurst writes to the President asking for help moving his people to Liberia. He writes that Liberia needs specialists of all kinds and will offer land to twenty thousand farmers. He also writes that Liberia is "the land of our Father's. And since She is calling for us, we want to go there and carry back the skill and power of discernment acquired from parent, and provide for ourselves and our dependents... So, Mr. President, will you use your great super-power with the Congress and Representatives, and the Department of State, to adopt the original plan of the responsibility of eating for a surplus of idle people willing to work and provide for themselves, if given the chance to at home to do so."

He writes that he wishes that he could call on the Ku Klux Klan to avenge the colored businessmen with university degrees that are causing him to feel ignored. He writes that Columbia and other universities "began belching out Professional colored business Gentlemen." He also wonders if other cities are "outstretching their arms to welcome the colored brethren deep into their lives." He is so frustrated that he wants to scream "like Tarzan of the apes."

Ramos writes that he is unable to meet today but hopes that they can get together next week and discuss eugenics and the success from the Second Pan American Conference at Buenos Aires.

Correspondence about meeting Powell, Plecker and Cox.

Opinion by Justice H. B. Gregory. Bascom and Reda Keith had been sentenced to the penitentiary because they were married and Bascom was accused of having traces of colored blood. This opinion reverses the decision because there is no evidence. The opinion explains that the burden of proof is on the Commonwealth.

Hester writes that he is interested in the race problem and he has written a book on racial matters, including Semites and Mongoloids.

He threatens to hit Powell with a rotten egg if Powell sings any negro songs. He also writes many derogatory statements about the music in the south.

Harrison writes about her interest in genealogy but also mentions ordering a copy of White Spirituals .

Powell writes that, "400,000 negroes signed a petition asking the President to help them settle in Liberia but the assistant-secretary to the President has twice written that Mr. Roosevelt had not funds at his disposal for such an enterprise." He also writes that Cox is tired from the battle and could use some assistance. Powell states, "We really feel that we are very near the end of our tether."

Cox writes that he is trying to establish an organization called the "Bi-Racial League of America" to finance repatriation. He hopes that Dr Lewis will consent to be President.

Dr. Henry L. Price wants to invite the Reverend Sterling Means, negro crusader for colonization in Liberia, to speak at a state assembly. He writes that this is a great opportunity to show that it is the negroes who are for this movement.

Cox writes that Senator Norris wants Cox to answer the letter that was sent to Powell, in which a white man asks to have a negro give a speech for colonization.

Nunn writes for assistance in her research of Indian groups in Virginia for her Masters essay at Columbia University.

Smith writes that racial questions can be referred to Dr. Plecker and to the Honorable Wilbur C. Hall, Chairman of the Commission on Conservation and Development.

Cox writes that he wants to discuss with [Dr. Lewis] and John Powell about whether Mr. McIntyre would consent to having a negro committee present for the memorial. He writes that if McIntyre as a southerner, does not let them come "...it will be a great loss for I have promised the committee that they could return and tell the memorialists that they had placed the memorial in the hands of the President."

Cox writes that, "Plecker and I had a big time on the visit; I have corrected the manuscript and sent a copy to Chicago for review. If it is convenient for John to tell Dr. Lewis of my proposed articled and of the negro's request to be made when the General Assembly convenes. Price is horribly pressed by other commitments."

Louise Powell writes about her activities, working on a manuscript with Cox, the unhappy mood of Dr. Plecker due to the votes on the racial legislation and the discovery of a new book, Negro Families or Free Negroes of Virginia by Carter G. Woodson. She also recounts a joke that she made about a crazy playwright while talking with "a dreadful young jew" who was interested in the Community Theatre. She mentions Dr. Price and is sending Powell some of his pamphlets.

Cox writes that the Powells should obtain a copy of the Congressional Record of February 7th because it has a great discussion about negro colonization that is not covered in the newspapers. He also mentions that there is a "splendid letter from [ ] negroes supporting race nationalism."

Harvey writes that they are planning a three month visit for Mr. Garvey for a convention in Chicago and he asks for Powell's help. He explains that they are trying to rebuild and revitalize their movement.

(alias: Paul Strong, Paul Dickson) Dickson is charged with perjury for making a false oath that he is white and for marrying Lillie Fannie Lark, a white person. The evidence shows that both are mulattoes and so the charges are dismissed.

Cox writes, "The bill will be introduced at an early date. Senator Billie has asked me to be present. When in Washington I will send copy of the bill to you...Several negro leaders will be present at Committee hearing. The leaders of about 2 1/2 million negroes will be in Washington to support the bill." Written on "The Brief History of the Petition of the Peace Movement " flyer.

Cox writes that since the bill in Congress seems like it will be defeated due to concerns over the international situation, he wants to try to delay it. He is concerned that they be able to encourage the groups of Negro Nationalists to stay with the long course. He writes that over two million of them have written their appreciation to Virginia for aid in the Liberian movement and for the 1936 memorial to Congress. He also writes that with the support of Governor Price, he will try to obtain a resolution from the General Assembly, as well as influence other states to support the Liberian movement.

Powell writes about the White Top Festival and how it brings together Anglo-Saxon ideals and the unity of Great Britain and America.

Cox writes that he is reviewing the manuscript and Dr. Plecker had a nice time and had some relief from his work.

Friend writes, "If equality and marriage is permitted between the races, can we look forward to any thing but a mongrel race?" She mentions that the book 12000000 Black Voices by Richard Wright is being made into a movie and would be a bad influence on the races. She also suggests that organizations raise money to send Negroes to another place, maybe Haiti, where they could have their own liberty.

Cox writes that Dr. Plecker has been killed in a car accident and his manuscript on Virginia's Vanished Race is unpublished. He also writes that Senator Bilbo has died. Cox remembers how Bilbo gave so much national attention to their cause. He recounts when Bilbo made national news by stating his plans to call Eleanor Roosevelt, the "Queen of Liberia."

Cox writes, "The mulatto's toe is at thy rump Oh congressman He's prodding thee with many a bump Oh Congressman He says that he will take the stump To make his Negro rear and hump And throw you high upon the dump Oh Congressman. He'll create strife (He'd use a knife) And Give his life For a white wife Oh congressman: Be quick to lend Your aid to bend All laws that send Hope for this end Oh Congressman. Be quick to give If you want to live Oh Congressman."

Gross writes in response to S.1880 introduced by Senator Langer proposing aid to persons wanting to move to Liberia. He writes that the bill conflicts with the immigration policy of the Liberian government which limits the number of immigrants depending on their level of skills and training. He also writes that the United States has supplemented Liberia with resources but much more help is needed before they would be ready to accept large numbers of immigrants.

Connally writes that the Department does not think it is a good time to consider this bill (S. 1880) with the current status of the immigration policy as well as the present social and economic conditions.

'Budly ' sends letters to the Powells from Senator Connally and Assistant Secretary of State Gross concerning S.1880. He writes, "I think it is safe to say the Bill is dead." A copy of S.1880 is enclosed.

Stephenson writes about wanting to build a third party and planning to write a book. He states, "I cannot sit idle and watch our people being swept out of the land our fathers built, and I will not."

Stephenson sends copies of letters that he has written to The Richmond Times-Dispatch and to The Afro-American, "a darky newspaper, that mentions a different version of the West Point ruckus than the T-D." He complains about the "T-D" and particularly its pictures of "Cephas, a caricature of pawnshop Jews" which Stephenson finds offensive because it "hides behind the respectability of our forebearers." He threatens, "I mean to do my bit to undo him? We must try to attract more people who will fight, and in the meantime we must all try to sound like the voices of many. If we make big enough noises often enough something may come of it all."

Cox writes about the Langer hearing for the colonization bill, "I am enclosing a brief description of the 'Miracle' which gave us a hearing." He explains that they met Senator Langer and the Chairman of the Committee who granted them a hearing after they had complained that the last four years of Democrats had ignored them. He also asked if Powell and Dr. Lewis would speak at the hearing.

Mason writes that now that he is in better health he has returned to his work on saving the white race in the South. He also mentions that there is great indignation in Charlottesville over an article by Mrs. Sarah Patton Boyle on the integration of schools. There is also a reprint of an article on "Total Mongrelization " from The American Nationalist .

Reed complains about the Supreme Court allowing the mixing of the races. He writes that, "No intelligent farmer would consider mixing up his cull cattle with his registered stock in the same field..." He also writes that great empires like Egypt fell due to the mixing of race. He also offers support for Prince Edward County.

Wells writes that he got a copy of W. E. Debnam's new book, Then, My Old Kentucky Home, Good Night for Powell and asks him to read it and give some feedback to Debnam. Wells referred to Powell as "an un-reconstructed rebel" , which Debnam seemed to like and autographed it in Powell's copy of the book. Wells also writes, "Cox's prognostications are coming true all too rapidly."

Hough writes in response to a question about the racial status of a pupil named Dorothy Bullock, "I realized the full hidden implications of your 'darkly parenthetical ' speculation, especially the 'darkly ' part!I am glad that Hughes' information set at rest your apprehensions, as well as mine, on that head- I might say, on that kinky head. Sorry I am such a poor integrationist."

Wendt writes that he appreciates the book, White America . He also states, "If people would only be honest with themselves and not avoid the issue, progress in the proper direction could be made." He mentions that, "Grand Blvd. in Detroit, one of the pleasantest residential areas in the city due to its large trees, is now all black."

Cox sends them a copy of the Northern paper which contains a review of Teutonic Unity , and wants them to read the English translation of the German review to see if it is accurate.

Kirkpatrick writes, "this problem of race is as complex as any I know. It may eventuate in the abolition of our public school system and, if so, I am ready to see that system go. For myself, can find the right solution to the public school angle neither in enforced segregation by race nor in integration."

Pearson writes to introduce Powell to the Northern World , "a journal which attempts to draw persons of North European origin in all parts of the world together in closer friendship, by emphasizing the common cultural and ethnic origins of our people."

Cox writes that Colonel W. P. Draper "came to see me to decide upon aid for Senator Bilbo's measure which is to come up in Washington in January." He explains the impact that Draper has had on the movement. He financed the printing of White America and "Lincoln's Negro Policy, " which helped bring the legislation forward for colonization. He states that Negro delegates are leaving for Liberia this month. Cox also mentions a new repatriation novel by Thomas Dixon, "the first one since Uncle Tom's Cabin. " He also writes that Marcus Garvey has ordered 100 copies of "Lincoln's Negro Policy. "

Cox writes about being in the hospital.

Cox sends a news clipping about Dr. Lewis being named Education Director for the Charlottesville Educational Foundation.

The letter requests that the members give their support to save public segregated education for Virginians. There are also news clippings on "Notes on Compulsory Attendance ", The Richmond New Leader , April 1959; "The Constitution And A Strange Perplexity ", The Pioch Record , April 9,1959; "Has Virginia Surrendered? ", The Farmville Herald , Aril 7,1959, and the "Congressional Record: Pow-Wow on 40th Street. "

Cox offers sympathy for their tenant building that burned, and writes that "Teutoburger Moot" was a big success. He also mentions that Northern World has requested a copy of his speech on "Herman's Brother."

Cox writes that he has corresponded with Roger Pearson who is the head of the Northern League. He also writes about his conversation with Louise Powell concerning "Tribal Nations" and informs her that he is using her information in his book on German history.

Crawford writes about being discouraged but will fight back, even by trying to elect a new Governor. He writes, "Southern white citizens have given them six of the most frustrated years since the organization of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People." He also writes, "Help stop the Communists drive in our communities..." and he mentions a film that shows the student riots in San Francisco and urges members to show it in their area.

Bernard writes about how "negroes" will like Africa, especially as the living standards improve. He writes, "Think about this, John. I feel that, instead of your movement being a losing one, it can be the most important and effective one for the settlement of the problem."

Bernard writes about the benefits of Liberia and the advantages of the "negroes" living among themselves without "dictation from another race." He claims that the media gives Liberia a negative and untrue representation. He also writes that Apartheid will be solved over time through separatism. He mentions that President Tubman of Liberia is on good terms with the United States and Powell should ask Tubman to invite American "negroes" to move there and enjoy new business opportunities with a young economy.

Morris thanks Powell for a copy of Race and Reason.

Mason complains to Powell that "a rabble rousing negro woman from New Jersey" was invited by Mayor Woodward to be a guest of the City of Richmond. He also writes that Sarah-Patton Boyle has written a new book. He claims that thousands of people dropped their subscriptions to The Saturday Evening Post when it printed her article, "Southerners will like Integration. "

Mason praises the work that Powell has done for the Anglo-Saxon race. He complains that The Roanoke World News has been making attacks on the "Defenders." He encloses a "Printed Resolution " adopted by the Defenders of State Sovereignty and Individual Liberties Board of Directors that accuses Martin Luther King of anarchy and declares that the Presiding Bishop of the Episcopal Church has been infiltrated with communism. A printed message from the Bishop supporting racial equality is also enclosed.

The note is written on an index card, "...and because the negro cannot connect words with ideas, and ideas with realities he lies with [?] readiness, and in all moods and degrees of enormity, without undergoing the slightest remorse, and often without any apparent sense of prevarication. He lies to please, to evade, to excuse, to assert, to command he lies to be heard and will not be silent, though he has not truth to utter. Furthermore, a man may trail his loathsome form into the sanctity of private homes, seduce a wife, sister or daughter, into impurity. So great is their moral putridity-"

Louise Powell writes about the progress of the racial integrity legislation in the House and sends news clippings about the proceedings. She writes that, "...today Booker, Norris, Warren and Noell are fighting mad. I saw them at the end of the session and they expressed freely their indignation at the lobbying of Ryland and Blackwell who are working out that we are the desperate enemies of Indians and determined to destroy them..." She writes that ESC [Earnest Sevier Cox] is now after the Dover Ass.[Association] which is being exposed by The Richmond Times-Dispatch . She is feeling a "kind of joy of battle in which I never felt before. I don't feel in the least discouraged. And 25 is safe: it passed Friday."

Louise Powell updates her husband on the legislation as it goes through the Senate and fails to pass. She describes the courtroom, the senators and their antics in vivid detail. While the legislation is being introduced, Senator Haddon presents an amendment to change the definition of negro to 1/32 of African blood. Haddon defends against an accusation that he is supporting the Indians because he is related to them. Louise Powell suggests that they mention the definition of a white person in the Racial Integrity Bill of 1926. She attributes the failure of the bill to the emotionalism of Dr. Blackwell and Dr. Ryland.

Louise Powell writes that she is furious after reading a wire from Judge Bolte. She also writes that she considered sending Bolte part of "The Last Stand ". She mentions that Plecker is particularly pleased that he has found an ancestor of Senator Haddon's by the name of Nathaniel Miles in The Free Negro in Virginia . She also relates that she is working on Jurgen with James Branch Cabell. She discusses the failure of their bill and strongly believes that if he [John Powell] had been there to speak, it would have passed. She tries to comfort Dr. Plecker as they discuss how to stop a new proposal that is threatening to recognize the Indians. Plecker complains that his marriage records will be inaccurate and she teases him by reminding him that no newborns will be getting married in the next few years.

Louise Powell writes, "My 'boder' [sic] turns out perfectly charming." She writes that her [boarder] knows the Putnam firm and might be of help to Cox in publishing his "Liberian Book" in a magazine. She also reports that this woman is interested in their racial integrity work and Earnest Cox. She also writes that a negro asked Cox to run for President whereupon she made a campaign for him. She would have Garvey propose ESC as a candidate with the support of the negroes and then she teases that Bolte would make "the assertion that he could not be constitutionally elected by the 14th amendment vote! Isn't that fun? ESC is as pleased as punch, and in his excitement is considering the possibility as publicity."

Williams writes that he "accepted the responsibility of Chairman of the Education Committee for the Defenders of State Sovereignty and Individual Liberties. I have reached the conclusion that we must begin by deciding what we should teach children in our public schools before we concern ourselves with how they should be taught."

Price writes that the delegates from V.P.I. should be ashamed of their claims for equality of the races in Pritchard's article. Price writes that if this equality is established, this "will be a mongrel nation on a par with Hayti [Haiti] and San Domingo." Price continues, "Any school teacher who has taught both white and negro children will tell you that up to the age of fourteen or fifteen years, the negro child is quicker and brighter than the average white child. But when they reach fourteen and fifteen years of age, their mental development suddenly stops and their minds are in the child state all the rest of their lives."

Ramos writes in confidence, "We think that we have on Eugenics, three very important aims, that is, scientific, humanitarian and patriotic: First, to help Genetics progress; Second, to defend the purity and actual world position of the white race; and Third, to assure the American freedom from the yellow man ambition. We could say there are two yellow biological perils in America: The Yellow Fever and the Yellow Man. The campaign against the former dread has been very well conducted until now and is even stronger today. I am afraid we could not say same thing in relation with the latter..."

Wood writes, "I am lucky to have a cook- She is also a 'practical nurse'- A 'settled person' who is glad to stay 'on premises' -Almost white and quite intelligent..."

Benniditto writes about the inferiority of negroes and increasing negro liberties in Hampton. He thinks that the solution of the race question is to send the negroes to Africa. He writes that he would rather be mixed with gorillas and obtain their physical strength than mix with the negroes, the "most undesirable of any of all the races on the earth." He also writes, "I sometimes wonder, How [sic] wrong Hitler really is... Do we understand his motives. Possibly he has no animosity against the individual Jew but only wants to take the only means of their not mixing with the German people and that is separation."

Battle thanks Powell for his letter and mentions that he wrote to him about Marcus Garvey in a separate letter.

Brewster writes a letter of introduction for Powell to Ralph Leonard and Harvey Firestone.

Buckbee writes that she lives near the "Most Sacred Mountain," Shasta. She tells the story of how a Jewish man loved her but she could not give her up her ancestors by marrying him so she compromises by not marrying anyone.

She writes that the title of the book, Birthright , by T. S. Stribling has a different meaning to the author but she thinks that the book is interesting. She also praises Powell for his writings on the negro question and the history of the south. There is also an enclosure titled, "The Author of Birthright " in which Stribling protests that his book is not a generalization but depicts one individual character who does not necessarily represent his race. Stribling writes, "All my life I have been aware of the tragedy and pathos of the black fold I saw around me. I have seen their unhappinesses and their humors, and I had never read one solitary book or story which attempted to set down that life justly. I thought I would try."

She writes about the book, White America , and their friends.

Carter writes that he is heartbroken that he missed last night's meeting and offers his help with any editorials.

"Desire to bestow upon you, John Powell, white brother of Virginia, The most Sacred symbol of our ancient order;'The White Feather,' This will enable you to enter at will the Domain of the Protector of the Mountain,'The Star King.'"

Hyne asks for a copy of the "Social Integrity" plan which is part of the Virginia law.

Plecker responds to the Commissioner's question about families that do not want to be registered as colored by writing that the school census lists them as colored and they can bring suit and "make a test case showing their color."

The registrar responds that he is not in a position to determine the racial status of the children and does not want to upset this family by registering them as colored. He writes that doing so could hurt his business. He states, "the only thing I could see to do without being very injurious to my business, was to let the birth registers go on as handed into me by the midwives as white."

Plecker writes about birth certificates and the designated color of mulatto for several families in certain counties. On February 12, 1924 Mr. McDougle responds that Plecker can quote him, if necessary.

Plecker writes that they need legislation like Senate Bill 219 for assistance in defining the colored race and enforcement of the law. He also writes that a white man formed a union with a colored woman about four generations ago. Now a large number of their descendants are inter-marrying with whites and the "whole county is being contaminated."

Mr. Sorrells writes that he knows practically all of the mixed population of upper Amherst and Rockbridge Counties and explains the relationships between the families; some of the families are Tyree, Clark, Terry, Masons, Hartlesses, Southers, Ramsey and Patterson.

Plecker writes that his office is investigating families with mixed blood under the new Racial Integrity Act. He warns the clerks to use every precaution not to issue any marriage licenses for any mixed individuals or couples.

Plecker sends Powell a typed reproduction of two letters from Plecker concerning race inquiries. Plecker writes, "This is a specimen of our daily troubles and shows how we are handling them." One letter from, April 30, 1924 is to Mrs. Robert Cheatham in which Plecker writes that the father of her child is a negro and, "It cannot go to white schools and can never marry a white person in Virginia. It is an awful thing." The second letter is undated to Mrs. Mary Gildon, notifying her that it is a penitentiary offense to falsely state the race of an individual. He writes, "What have you got to say about it? "

Plecker writes in support of racial integrity laws in other states.

Plecker writes about Powell's plan to speak to an audience in Pulaski, Virginia.

Plecker explains that the local registrar, Miss Aileen Goodman, Buena Vista, rejected the birth certificate from Mr. Clark because the names Clark and Terry are listed as mixed people. He also writes, "...It is my duty to see that this law is properly enforced and that I expect to do it with absolute impartiality and without regard to how if may affect any individual person."

Plecker asks Powell to give a talk on racial integrity at the Roanoke Kiwanis luncheon and send literature. He also writes about colored people in Amherst who try to register as white. He mentions a family in Norfolk County, where ten children are trying to register as white."The more we go into it, the more I am impressed with the immensity and importance of the job which the legislature has given me to do."

Plecker is sending him literature, including New Family booklets and copies of the Racial Integrity Law. He also suggests that they ask Powell or Earnest Sevier Cox to give a talk.

Plecker responds to Anderson's letter about a talk that Reid Williams gave stating that fifty of the most influential families of Russell County had been found to have negro blood even though they did not know it themselves. Plecker writes that Williams misunderstood this information, although Plecker thinks that it is suspicious since the physician involved in the case wanted to remain anonymous.

Plecker writes that they need doctors to give information on the race of individuals. He is attempting to identify the race of the Collins family as mixed and wants to locate a book that claims that they are supposedly the lost Portuguese Colony. He also asks if Bough can influence the Tennessee legislature to pass similar racial integrity legislation or he writes, "we will become a Mongrel race."

Fulton writes that Dr. Knox has shown him his letter which claims that "miscegenation will not last because mixed-bloods are as Plecker says 'terribly prolific ' and this usually means that they will also have a high death rate." The letter also contains descriptions of mixed-bloods such as "Octaroons," and "Wesorts" and describes their customs. He also writes that, "Mixed Indian blood does not pain my gorge a tenth as much as the black pigment."

Plecker writes that he wants to have a visit with Cox. He informs him that he has sold three more copies of White America . He also writes that "Amherst County Colony is up in arms and are on the verge of a race riot, threatening the life of one of the local registrars for giving out information about them." He has also written to the North Carolina State Registrar to secure his interest in racial integrity legislation. He sends Cox a copy of Fulton's letter and suggests that he might want to visit him and Dr. Knox, Chief of the Bureau of Child Hygiene of the Maryland Health Department. Plecker suggests that it would be good to have border states with similar racial integrity legislation.

Plecker writes about racial integrity laws in Virginia and his hopes for it to spread across the country. He also writes that he will be addressing the clerks of the cities and counties next week at Ocean View. He hopes legislation will pass next time making fathers responsible for their illegitimate children. He offers that Powell and Cox can give speeches to help build interest in these laws.

Plecker gives him some of the history of the Racial Integrity Act and recommends some literature on the subject, including Estabrook and McDougle's study. He also writes about his meeting with the county and city clerks at Ocean View where he encourages the clerks to use every effort to prevent the marriage of a white person with those of colored origin. He encourages all of the physicians, midwives, local registrars, and undertakers of the State to be accurate in designating race on certificates. He also writes that they need a bill that will ensure that the fathers of illegitimate children will be responsible for their support since studies show that more than 21 percent of the births of the mixed Negroes in Amherst County are illegitimate.

A. T. Shields refuses to grant a marriage license to Dorothy Johns and a white man.

Plecker explains that the Racial Integrity Law has an exception for individuals with one-sixteenth or less Indian blood to pass as white which is allowing colored groups to claim they are white. Plecker also describes an unreliable test that some registrars use to determine the racial status of an individual, "If it [a comb] passes through the hair of an applicant he is an Indian, if not he is a negro..." Plecker also offers suggestions on racial integrity legislature for Ohio.

Plecker asks if Robertson will handle the case, on the condition that the state can afford him. Plecker also sends him a copy of White America to read and to loan to any "doubting Thomases." He mentions that he would particularly like for Mr. Matthew Paxton of the County News to read it.

Plecker answers a question about the racial origins of the Halifax people known as "free issues " of Rockbridge and Amherst tribes by writing that John Powell was "quite positive" that these people were "of negro mixture." Plecker writes that "they are the offsprings of slave owners (usually batchelors) by negro women." He has heard that there was some Portugese stock, but does not believe that to be true.

Plecker receives a copy of Why the Negro Should Not Vote or The Fraud of the Fourteenth Amendment and writes that it is very convincing and that he would be glad to hear from Bolte at any time as to the progress of this work.

Plecker offers assistance to Thompson regarding racial integrity legislation in Indiana.

Plecker offers assistance in preventing the amalgamation of the races. He also invites them to visit on their way to talk to the President of the United States and mentions that John Powell, Earnest Cox and Plecker would be willing to go with them to talk with the President.

Plecker writes that he will be coming to meet with two Negroes, J. F. Bowman and Peter Tyler of Ruthville, who claim to know a good deal about the race origin of the Charles City Indians.

Plecker writes about the history of the Virginia Racial Integrity Law and offers advice on the important parts of the law. He also mentions a proposal for a new amendment for next year to help resolve the difficulties that they are having with Indian registrations.

The interview concerns the background and family of William Jones.

Two letters are typed onto the same page regarding the racial status of Mrs. Emma Jones. One letter, dated December 1, 1910 is from G. M. Cook to Chief William O. Adkins and the second letter, dated January 27, 1925 is from Clarence Jennings, Superintendent of Schools to the Honorable O. Boschen.

Plecker suggests that Louise Powell and Adler could work together on a film about racial integrity. Adler made a non-inflammable film, The Error of Omission and also a film called In His Father's Footsteps .

Plecker writes about Ohio legislation that forbids the intermarriage of the races and would appreciate being kept advised of its progress. Plecker also writes that he is very impressed with the phrase "or have carnal knowledge" that Roberts uses in his bill. Plecker may use it in his next amendment.

"Mr. D. F. Rudisill, local registrar at Roxbury, gives us Hill Adkins' Reason for not Joining the 'Tribe.'" Rudisill states that Adkins could have been in the Indian tribe if he desired but he claimed he did not have the money to "throw away" on membership fees. He said, "I am a negro and stay with the negroes."

Sheppard requests Plecker to write a racial integrity bill for the District of Columbia, and Plecker recommends C. H. Morrissett, Director Legislative Reference Bureau who wrote a good bill for Ohio. Plecker also mentions that Homer Ferguson, the head of the great ship-building plant of Newport News, strongly advocates writing an amendment that covers the point of extra-marital intercourse between the races.

Plecker writes in response to a magazine article that attacks racial integrity legislation. He counters that he has great affection for Negroes but that does not mean they would tolerate marriage with them.

Plecker has written a paper on immigration and sends it to Calver. He discusses the criticism that he received on it from Richard L. Jenkins, Stanford University. Plecker suspects the criticism is coming from a Negro and not from Stanford University faculty. Plecker feels that his paper is very conservative in comparison with A. E. Wiggam's Fruit of the Family Tree .

Plecker shares information about racial integrity legislation in order to help Massachusetts with similar legislation. He points out certain defects in the law and advises him to improve it.

Plecker helps Alley with racial integrity legislation for the District of Columbia. Plecker ask if Congressman J. L. Milligan supports the bill to prevent the intermarriage of the races in the District of Columbia which Senator Sheppard of Texas will introduce at the next Congress. He also writes about the organization of Anglo-Saxon clubs and refers him to John Powell and Dr. Lawrence Price.

Plecker appreciates Devours' support against racial intermarriage and complains about the New York Association for the Improvement of the Colored Race, and the negro newspapers throughout the country. Plecker writes that he did not realize that the negroes were so "bitter" and "determined to pass as white." Plecker thinks that with legislation they can delay amalgamation for five hundred years instead of two hundred.

Plecker explains that "for any person therefore, to claim to be an Indian, so as to be eligible for inter-marriage with whites, it is necessary for him to show that there has never been any introduction of negro blood into his family." Plecker mentions that the Pamunkeys, Rappahannocks, Amherst Rockbridge group and the Chickahominies are part Negro. He also cites Estabrook's findings that Negroes have a low mentality and a high rate of illegitimacy. He mentions that William Archer Jones fails the "comb test." He hopes that the next legislature will repeal the one-sixteenth Indian clause from the law.

Plecker supports the possibility of C. E. McKenry being appointed by the Governor as a member of the commission that confers with other states on the uniformity of legislation. He also writes a that Harrower is pleading that, "I be fair to these most admirable people." Plecker hopes that they have stopped the issuing of Speck's report and asks Powell "to call upon the Indian Museum people and tell them a few things. George Heyer is the active man with Harrower."

Plecker complains that the article about an Indian reservation is inaccurate and romanticized, which leads people to believe that it is okay to intermarry with mixed races. He writes that he has studied the records as far back as 1853 and these people are no longer Indian. He writes, "History and the United States Bureau of Ethnology speak in no uncertain tones. That Bureau in a number of references to the Pamunkeys, Chickahominies, Mattaponis and Croatons describe them as being mixed with negro and white." He cites Howe's, History of Virginia (1845) as his reference. Plecker also writes about the "fish-fries" that white women are attending and wants them to be stopped.

Plecker answers Gaileys' questions regarding Plecker's paper. He recommends that Gailey read a pamphlet by A. H. Shannon and the book, White America . He also describes how the Negroes are inferior and claims that they were at their intellectual peak before the Civil War when they were obedient.

Plecker replies to his questions about the Garvey movement by writing that he believes Garvey's courage and leadership will bring success to the movement for the first time since Lincoln. Plecker recommends that Dabney read Cox's Let My People Go and White America .

Plecker gives John Powell a message to contact Gray. Plecker writes that he would be glad to have Gray visit and work with him on "the great task of preserving the integrity of the races."

Plecker offers advice on racial integrity legislation and warns him that "the registration part of the Act is a failure because the 'near-white undesirables ' are using it to attempt to register as white." He writes that there is a new bill which is set for a hearing in the House tomorrow. He also warns that the Association for the Improvement of the Colored Race will oppose it. Plecker offers assistance from Madison Grant, Lothrop Stoddard, Dr. Charles B. Davenport, and himself.

The Amherst registrar has spoken with Mr. Ambler as Plecker suggested and now, the registrar has the history of the Amherst issues. The history is from Howe's History of Virginia and a record of the lineage of some of the "issues."

Plecker pleads to the President in support of a pardon for Marcus Garvey. He writes, "I am one of a considerable number of white people of Virginia who have given his case thought, and who believe that his violation of the law was an error of judgment rather than deliberate crime. Believing that he has been imprisoned sufficiently long to serve the ends of justice, I plead in his behalf that he may be pardoned, and permitted to continue his work with his race in this country."

Plecker writes that he received a letter from Amy Garvey saying that there would be an application to the President for the pardon of her husband, Marcus Garvey. Plecker and Earnest S. Cox have written the President and encourage Powell to write. Plecker writes that George Mallison, of Hampton may also write a letter.

Plecker asks about her health and mentions that his own wife has been sick for nearly a year with a complete nervous breakdown. He writes that he will send the Colonial Dames literature on racial integrity laws. He also explains the bills definition of an Indian as one with 1/4 Indian blood. He mentions that "the present law was not repealed which allows a mulatto of 1/16 or more negro blood and the rest white to be classed as white."

Plecker offers his assistance with their racial integrity legislation. He would like to know who introduced the bill and to have a copy of it and a printed list of the members of the legislature. He writes that he hopes that they do not copy the mistakes in the Virginia law, especially the registration, which coloreds are using to pass as Indians. He mentions that Alabama has a good law but Georgia copied the mistakes of Virginia.

Plecker writes that Anglo-Saxon clubs were set up to help the passage of racial integrity laws and are not currently active. He refers them to John Powell for further information.

Plecker advises him of the mulattoes who are registering as Indian. He sends Steuart a copy of a letter from the Honorable A. D. Latane, Clerk of Essex County who can identify the mulattoes. Plecker emphasizes that this group "should under no circumstances be given classification as Indians in the census records."

Plecker writes that he is delighted with the emphatic manner in which John Powell presented the matter to Mr. Steuart in his letter. Mr Steuart "seems perfectly willing to do what is right and to act upon it."

Plecker writes about a Mrs. Trigg who is planning an exhibit in the Valentine Museum on Indians and she thinks that there are hundreds of them in Virginia. He writes, "The lady was greatly surprised when I told her that there were no native born Indians in the State." He complains about the publicity of Indians and thinks that Powell could stop it. He also mentions Mrs. Fothergill, a genealogist, who has information on the racial origin of the Pamunkeys and Mattaponies.

Plecker writes that he has heard Sorrell's theory about the descendants of Cain and is not interested in the subject. Plecker states that he does want to know more about the families of the Beverlys, Weavers, Johns, and Clarks who live near the Sorrells. He writes that he did not know that they were establishing another colony.

Plecker writes that his office has "secured definite information " on the racial status of Clarence Brown of Buckingham County as a Negro. He writes, "You have the thing straight now, and we hope that your daughter can see the seriousness of the whole matter and will dismiss this young man without more ado. We will be glad to have you advise us as to the outcome of the whole matter."

Plecker writes that they have received her inquiry as to the racial standing of the children of Mrs. Warren Odgen. Plecker also writes, "Please tell me just what the appearance of this woman, her husband and children is. Do any of the family have any negro characteristics. Frequently these show in one member of the family and not in another."

Plecker writes that the racial classification of a native Filipino is classed as colored as well as all Asiatics, including Chinese, Japanese, native of India, etc. Under the law of Virginia, they are not permitted to marry white people and their child will be classed as colored.

Plecker writes that he received her letter requesting the names of the negroes living on the Indian reservations and questions her reasons for wanting this information. He explains the history of the Indians, and the politics involved in reclassifying these people from Negro to Indian in 1902. He also writes about the petition of 1843 where citizens of King William County asked the legislature to abolish the reservations because the occupants were no longer Indians. Plecker states, "If you write again, I shall be glad to have you tell us your purpose in asking for this information." He also mentions the famous "fish-fry " in Charles City County, which encourages inter-racial mixing.

Plecker explains the proper terms to use when registering people. He emphasizes that there is no mixed-Indian and advises her not to let them intimidate her into using that term. He advises her that registrars do not recognize any native born people of Virginia who call themselves Indians. He does admit that there is a man in Lexington, Virginia who is one-fourth Indian, and three-fourths white.

Plecker writes that Samuel Christian Branham is perjuring himself when he claims that he is white on his application to marry Grace Vernon Mohler.

Plecker writes to Ford about the tasks of the Bureau of Vital Statistics and their serious efforts to prevent further amalgamation which is only being done in Virginia. He explains that they use birth, death and marriage records, U. S Census records, and military records in accordance with the Act of 1924 to determine the accurate racial status of residents of Virginia. Plecker also sends him literature, such as a reprint of The Breach in the Dike by John Powell and other books by Earnest Sevier Cox. He also mentions Senator Bilbo of Mississippi, who is preparing to introduce a bill to the Senate that supports the deportation of Negroes.

Plecker encloses the certified copy, as requested, of the marriage record of Calvin Branham and Birdie Johns and the marriage record of Wilmer K. Marshall (all colored) and Catherine V. Johns who swears that she is white while Plecker states that this is incorrect.

Plecker writes that his office needs Thomas Earnest Sorrells and Elizabeth Martin to fill out the questionnaire giving their background. He writes that their child Priscilla June Sorrells cannot be classed as white until there is evidence that neither of her parents are of mixed blood.

Plecker responds that his office does not have enough funding to perform the necessary research needed to answer Lehr's request concerning the racial status of certain individuals. He refers him to Dr. Garnett "who is doing a very splendid piece of work in studying sub-marginal people..." Plecker is very interested in what information Lehr has collected concerning mixed families. He offers his records as long as the source is kept confidential.

Plecker writes Mr. Shrader asking for information about a name change of Beverly to Burch for "a free issue " in Amherst County.

Plecker congratulates him on his speech in reference to "refusing admittance into this country of German refugees." He would be glad to send him racial integrity literature. He also commends Senator Bilbo on his speech.

Plecker writes about a marriage between Dalbert Charlie Maxey (age 21) and Mary Magdalene Crum (age 16) and asks the clerk if he noticed if Mr. Maxey has mulatto characteristics. Plecker writes, "Shall this man, if he is of the Amherst group, be turned loose upon the community to raise more mulatto children?"

Plecker gives a background history on the Virginia Racial Integrity legislation and offers his assistance for similar legislation in Missouri.

Plecker writes, "We are enclosing a copy of our letter to Mr. Roy K. Brown, Clerk of Roanoke County. Did you observe any negro characteristics in this man? It is possible for a couple of this kind to get by the clerk and yet be held up by the minister. If this man comes from the family that we think he did, this marriage is illegal."

Plecker writes that he has received Mr. Nichols' inquiry on the racial status of Dalbert Charlie Maxey who appears to be of mixed blood. Plecker responds that they need more information on Maxey and is sending questionnaires for Maxey to fill out.

Plecker considers Peters question about whether Indians are barred from enrolling in white state schools. He writes that he does not know the answer as the Attorney General has not ruled on it but he thinks it would be safer to avoid establishing a precedent.

Plecker writes that his office does not have any information on the birth of Lillian Cunningham of King George County born in the year 1913 or 1914 because they do not have records of births between 1896 and 1912.

Plecker writes that the records of his office are insufficient to establish the racial status of Jesse Sorrells who has applied for a marriage license to marry a white girl.

Plecker writes that his office has received a request from the sister of Jesse Sorrells for a birth certificate so that she can be admitted into a training school for nurses.

Plecker answers Mason's inquiry by saying that their records show that Lillian Pearl Cunningham is listed as white on her marriage license but the Cunningham family is a mulatto family in Virginia trying to pass as white. He cites as evidence the census report of 1870.

Plecker writes that he is returning Hunt's birth certificate because red is not an acceptable racial term. He also writes that the Hunt and Locklear families have been proven to be of "negro origin."

Plecker writes that he is surprised that one of the respectable Cunningham family would be asking about the racial status of Gus Stewart's children. Plecker writes that he was present when one of the Stewart children was born and recorded as "Indian and colored." Plecker writes, "I trust that...you will immediately break off entirely with this young mulatto man."

In response to Holsinger's inquiries, Plecker writes that the father of these children is a white man but the mother "is of free negro descent." Plecker writes, "This family has been especially aggressive in their endeavors to secure classification as white. The fact that the mother secured admittance in to the white ward of Memorial Hospital is evidence of this fact."

Plecker writes, "You asked us to look up the ancestry of Juan F. Johns and let you know if there is any negro blood. You do not tell us who you are or why you are asking that question, which we must know before we can give you any information about this man. You did not tell us where he came from or who his parents and grandparents were, which is necessary if we are to examine our records."

Plecker writes that his office would be glad to give all the assistance possible in securing the correct classification of the children and he would like to get all of the information on their parentage.

Plecker acknowledges receipt of a petition of fifteen citizens of Pittsylvania County requesting that "the King children be debarred from admission to the white schools on account of their being of negroid mixture." Plecker explains that it is easier for the local community to determine the race of these individuals since they are familiar with their characteristics.

Plecker writes that he is returning King's birth certificate because it is not accurate. King had written that he was a "Black Hawk Indian" from Delaware Water Gap. Plecker writes, "We have learned that none of the native-born individuals in Virginia claiming to be Indian are free from negro mixture, and under the law of Virginia every person with any ascertainable degree of negro blood is to be classed as a negro or colored person, not as an Indian."

Plecker answers her letter regarding her interest in Indians from Virginia. Plecker explains that there are none because they have all mixed with negroes. He writes that there are two reservations, the Mattaponi and Pamunkey, who are mulattoes in King William County. According to Plecker, "the only true Indians in Virginia are several mixed breed Indian and white men in Southwestern Virginia, one of one-fourth Indian living in Lexington."

At Maury's request, Plecker sends the birth certificates for Garnett and copies of the birth records of other members of the Moon and Reed family, including the records of Ella, daughter of Margaret Reed, a slave born in 1862.

Plecker responds to a request for the dates of birth for four children of George Hoffman and Emma Smith Hoffman and their racial status.

Plecker responds to an inquiry for the racial status of ten children of Hunton F. Taylor and Rose Thomas by writing that according to the midwife, "the mother is reported as colored, no information was given on the father, that being customary in the case of illegitimate children."

Plecker writes that William H. Moon, "of negro ancestry," was buried at Riverview Cemetery which is a white cemetery. Plecker explains, "We are giving you this information to take such steps as you may deem necessary. You probably know whether the State law permits the use of a white cemetery by colored people."

Muncy had written Plecker asking for advice on what course of action to take regarding the burial of a colored man in Riverview Cemetery. Plecker writes that, "in the case of the burials in the 'Pauper Section ' the question might not be as serious, but to a white owner of a lot, it might prove embarrassing to meet with negroes visiting at one of their graves on the adjoining lot."

Plecker responds to her inquiry about the use of a blood test to determine the racial status of an individual. He explains that there is no reliable test for such determination. He also writes that such a test would not be helpful because often the cases that need studying involve mixed black and white. Some effort has been made to determine the race by the hair. He writes that the most reliable method is by tracing family names and their records from the Census. He offers to find information for her, if she will supply the names of the parents and grandparents.

Plecker responds to Jenkins' inquiry about the racial status of Mrs. A. N Davis, daughter of John Temple Collins and Ada Bradby.

Plecker sends Mr. Staples a copy of a letter to A. H. Crismond, Clerk of the Circuit Court, Spotsylvania, Virginia and apologizes if his interpretation of this Act is in error.

Plecker writes, "If we are correct in assuming that this woman is white, then under the law of Virginia, you as Clerk were not authorized to issue a marriage license to a person of any of the colored races, including Filipinos." Crismond issued a marriage certificate for Philip N. Saure, a native of the Philippine Islands and Elsie M. Thomas.

Plecker advises that the purpose of the law is to prevent the marriage of a white person with any one of the colored races, including Hindus, who are either considered Mongolian or Malay. He also writes, "It is barely possible, however, that there are still evident in India descendants of the original Aryan conquerors who have remained unmixed with the native population through the strict enforcement of the caste system."

The marriage of McKinley Bradley Price and Stella Mae Hodge is illegal because Plecker wrote to Dr. Elliot and received confirmation that the man is white and the woman is mulatto.

Plecker responds that regarding Gwynn's inquiry on the racial status of George Hoffman and Emma Smith Hoffman, Plecker's office considers them "colored."

Plecker receives the birth certificate of Henley Webster Johns who is a Negro. Plecker writes, "I am amazed that you would register one of these Amherst negroes as white... Somebody has made himself liable to the penitentiary for registering a negro as white...Just who it is and how many is for you and Johns between you to decide."

Plecker writes, "We cannot accept this certificate with both parents stated as white."

Plecker writes that his office is holding Bradby's birth certificate because "it states that your parents are Half Breed Indian." Plecker explains that they "do not recognize any native-born Indian as of pure Indian descent unmixed with negro blood."

Plecker writes, "We do not recognize the racial classification of Indian. We will make no change in this certificate." Plecker also describes the history of the family that descended from "Lucretia Branham, a little brown-skinned negress, who lived to be about 100 years old. This family is everywhere listed in the old records as colored."

Plecker writes about legislation being drafted that authorizes judges to issue delayed birth certificates. Plecker has several questions about it.

Plecker writes, "We are returning the photostat copies and decline to make any change in the racial classification which in accordance with the one accepted in our office as correct. If you do not desire the certificates, destroy them; it is useless to send them back."

Plecker answers Field's racial inquiry by saying that the midwife reported his child (Billie Ines Dickenson) as white. However the courts decided that the parents were both of "melungeon" stock. Plecker advises that there isn't much that can be done about it. He also asks for the correct spelling of Dickson and informs him that they will be attaching a marker to the back of the certificate showing that they are mulatto. Plecker also wants to know the names of the two older children.

Plecker writes, "Copies of these certificates cannot be furnished as they are made, as the race is incorrectly stated on all of them- one as Indian, one as mixed Indian, and one as white..."

Plecker writes that his office rejected the certificate because they "do not recognize Moorish as a race, but as a nation."

Plecker writes that other certificates are possibly inaccurate and in some cases not completely filled out for Garnet Odel, Dudley Coffey, and James E. Wood.

Plecker writes, "We received this birth certificate for [Reable Tazewell Adkins] with both parents given as white. Of course we will not accept the certificate in that way, but we are trying to find out the facts..."

Plecker continues to seek answers to many questions about the family of Reable Tazewell Adkins.

Racial status of Ethel Mae Brame (Hoyle).

Plecker thanks Beale for writing to his local registrar and receiving the information that the mother of Ethel Brame (Hoyle) is white and the father is colored.

Plecker sends Allen a copy of Jesse Stuart Branham's birth certificate but writes a note on the back certifying that the race is not correct.

Tucker wants a correct copy of the birth certificate that states that the Branhams are white. Tucker writes to Plecker, "I find no where in the law any provision which authorizes the Registrar to constitute himself judge and jury for the purpose of determining the race of a child..."

Plecker writes to Sandidge that John Randolph Tucker (Allen's attorney) is demanding a copy of William Kinckle Allen's birth certificate stating Allen's racial status as white. Plecker writes that he cannot do this because Allen's parents are colored according to their marriage certificate. Plecker asks Sandidge to verify which records are correct.

Sandidge writes Plecker that the information on the back of the marriage license of the parents was erased and white was written in ink.

Plecker writes that as State Registrar he cannot certify information that he knows to be false.

Plecker writes to the Selective Service System explaining the difficulties that the Bureau of Vital Statistics is having with various groups of mulattoes trying to register as white by claiming themselves to be Indian. Plecker declares that they cannot be Indian because his researcher, Miss Eva Kelly, has done years of study on their racial origins and found that there are no native born Virginia Indians.

Plecker writes to Dr. Hankins that it would be fine for local registrars to issue certified copies of birth and death certificates, although there will be no State Seal. He reminds him that certificates should not be given to mixed breeds stating that they are Indian or white.

Plecker writes that Lacy used the term Indian on a marriage license for the Stuarts and Plecker would like to change it to colored as his records show that this family descended from slaves. He also writes that his office (the Bureau of Vital Statistics) is trying to remove the term "Indian" from their records.

Plecker writes that Sandidge used the term mixed Indian on a marriage license for Jimmie Lee Southers and Gloria Dimples Sorrels and he wants to change the racial designation to "Colored" since Plecker's office has determined there are no native born Indians in Virginia who are not mixed with Negro blood.

Plecker writes that there is some doubt about the race of Thelma Lucille Hartless and they will try to find more information about the family.

Plecker writes to the Senator asking him for a copy of the new bill, the Capper Uniform Marriage and Divorce Bill, S. 460 and S. J. Res. 24 for amending the Constitution. He writes that this bill makes no mention of intermarriage between the races. It also does not require any report of marriages to the State Bureau of Vital Statistics. John C. Pope, Director of Medical Licensure, State Board of Health, Jefferson City, Missouri asks Plecker to send him a copy.

Plecker writes, "We do not recognize that [American Indian] as a correct term for any of the native-born people of Virginia claiming to be Indians." He also writes that her father and mother were married as "a colored people."

Plecker writes, "We are returning to you another birth certificate for the Halifax 'free issues ' designated by you as 'Indians. ' We do not recognize that as a correct statement as to the race of the people of James Kermit Martin and Edna Louise Stuart."

Plecker writes that after receiving her warning letter about the Paggan family, they have searched their records and have not found any for these children. Plecker would like for them to be recorded and asks if any one from her office can obtain birth certificates. He also asks if any of these children are attending white schools.

Plecker sends him copies of a letter that Tuck requested. He is also sending copies to Judge Dawes and wants to know if he should also send copies to the legislature involved with these counties and to all of the State.

Plecker writes that he enjoyed his visit and hoped that Dawes would come again. He also writes that he made copies of some pages in Carter G. Woodson's book, Free Negro Heads of Families in the United States in 1830 . Plecker also offers to send him a list of family names and information on North Carolina Counties.

Plecker writes that they are returning her certificate because there isn't a Queens County in Virginia, and they do not recognize the term "Cherokee" as race."The term 'colored ' must be used."

Plecker writes that they have delayed her certificate because the Bradby family is listed as "free negroes" before the War Between the States and they will only accept the race of colored now.

Plecker writes that the terms "Light" and "Dark" are not a "proper designation for race" on the certificate for the child of Arthur G. Hart and Lara Alice Wyatt.

Plecker writes that he understands from her letter that she is reluctant to use terms such as "colored" and "mulatto" when registering the Clarks and other Irish Creek "free issues" because they get mad. Plecker is sympathetic and writes, "I expect you are right about it and probably it is as well not to be too insistent. That [using the term mixed] is far better than 'Indian ' and infinitely better than white."

Plecker writes that on the certificate for her child, she has indicated that her own race is "Indian" but this is not an acceptable term in Virginia. He explains that Indians are mixed with "negro blood and must be classed as colored."

Plecker writes that they are returning the certificate for David Adams because she indicated his race as Indian, which "has not been accepted as correct for the race of this family." The family is "classified as colored in the Office of the Bureau of Vital Statistics based on early records."

Plecker writes, "The midwife in your case declared both of your parents to be white, which we now know to be false. This is confirmed by your reply to the set of questions which we sent to you. From that, we have learned that you are a descendant of Joe Clark, Jr. It has definitely been established that Joe Clark, Jr., was a colored man."

Plecker writes, Since you have married a Filipino, who is a member of one of the colored races, regardless of whether or not you are of mixed colored blood your child will be considered non-white, or a member of a colored race. In Virginia he cannot as such marry into the white race or be considered a white person.

Plecker writes that he is surprised to receive letters that support his work. Plecker also writes about the decision of Judge Holt in the Wood-Sorrells-Clark family, where the Judge allows a white man to marry into a colored family and ignored the early records from Plecker's office. Plecker describes the courtroom, "The witnesses for the State were terrified when they saw the court room full of the brown faces of their near neighbors and their only testimony was I don't know."

Plecker writes that he is returning the birth certificate for Carolyne Jewel Lawhorn because Dr. Ware listed her race as white. Plecker writes, "As a resident of the county, you are in position to know, and if she is, [colored] then we cannot accept her race as white."

Plecker writes that Sandidge has issued Clarence Roberts and Cassie Burley a license stating that their race is white, "though both of them were stated as being children of Branham mothers (who are listed as 'free issue ' stock)." Enclosed is also a copy a letter from Plecker to Clarence Roberts. Plecker reminds Roberts that "the attempt to register a birth falsely as to color is a penitentiary offense."

Plecker writes that Dr. Powell made the correct class distinction by writing "Iss." identifying Lena Mason, a colored or free issue. Plecker writes, "They are making great efforts to pass either as Indian or as white. They have about jumped the Indian stage, however, and are making a rush to register in our office as white." He also mentions that one of his local registrars is using the term "mixed" because people get so upset if she uses the term "colored."

Plecker writes to Wood that he is not able to accept her birth certificate without the race being designated correctly. Plecker believes that her family is from Negro descent and explains that, "The race of families and individuals does not change, and when your forefathers are recorded as colored in the early records, all of their descendants are under the law colored. The Bureau of Vital Statistics is not authorized to change the race of families or individuals."

Plecker writes to Mason that he is returning a birth certificate for Nola Irine Mason because she has given the race of her parents as white. The early records in his office show that they are related to the Clark families of Rockbridge and Amherst who are of negro descent. He writes, "I am warning you that this attempt to register a child as white makes you liable to one year in the penitentiary under the Act of 1924."

Plecker writes that he is returning the birth certificate of Marie Miles Custalow because Pearson designates the racial status as "Indian" which does not match the early records for this family.

Plecker writes that he received the birth certificate for Douglas McArthur Lawless and he needs Dr. Drake to sign it. He also writes that the racial designation on the certificate must be changed to show the correct race of colored. He writes, "Please bear in mind that we cannot accept certificates for any of the 'free issue ' people of Amherst or Rockbridge county as other than colored, mulatto, 'issue, ' or negro."

Plecker writes that the birth certificates from the Tyree family indicate their race as white but this classification cannot be accepted unless they can prove that the father is a member of a white Tyree family of Amherst or Rockbridge County.

Plecker writes that the father of all three children must sign a form acknowledging that he is the father and it will also be necessary for her to sign a form stating that she previously gave "wrong information." According to the questionnaire that Mrs. Hartless filled out, her mother is Bessie Anderson Dempsey, daughter of the Sorrels.

Note about a news clipping in The News Leader : "Two Given Terms in Draft Violation ", Everett Hugo Byrd and Russell Collridge Fortune were charged with"failing to report for induction into the armed forces." They were sentenced to two years in a Federal reformatory by Judge Robert N. Pollard.

Plecker defends his actions in preventing Ruth Rogers Garret from trying to pass as Indian. Garret's consort, Jasper Thomas Garrett had complained about Plecker to the Office of Indian Affairs and Plecker's boss, Dr. I. C. Riggin, State Health Commissioner. Plecker invites Colliers staff to come and see the research of Miss Kelly. Plecker writes "Your staff member is probably correct in his surmise that Hitler's genealogical study of the Jews is not more complete."

Plecker writes that Mr. Lawhorne's questionnaire is incomplete. Plecker states that without any information about his grandparents, it is impossible to issue him a certificate.

Plecker writes that he cannot accept the birth certificate for Nellie Randolph Hicks because both parents are listed as white while records of other family members in the past have shown the racial status as colored.

Plecker responds to a letter of criticism that he receives from a University of Virginia student, L. G. Moffatt, "They, like many others, without knowing the facts, have misjudged us and think that we are harsh on the negroes as a whole. Any harsh feeling is only for the portion of the race trying by various maneuvers to escape into the white race..."

Plecker responds to Moffatt's criticism by explaining that Plecker was referring only to "negroes" that want to pass as white. Plecker describes these families in Amherst County, Virginia as "free issue" people or "rats" trying to "sneak in" and obtain white or Indian birth certificates. He also mentions that his office tries to help the "negroes" who accept their "colored " status because they have more problems than white people and are less able to take care of themselves. Plecker recommends that Moffatt talk about the racial issue with Dr. Ivy Lewis and cites some literature for him to read.

Plecker reveals information from his records stating that William Thomas Edward Price is colored and gives Smith a background on the family lineage. He also explains that the optional registration (as opposed to mandatory) places a great burden on the State Registrar. Plecker defends criticism about his use of power and writes that they try to be "correct as far as is in our power the great evil of racial intermixture..." Plecker also mentions a new law that removes the power from judges to determine race.

Plecker answers her inquiry about the racial status of Willie Branham by writing that the Branham family is from "negro origin." He advises that she should "classify this boy as colored." He also warns her of the consequences of altering a certificate.

Plecker states that Willis is a "free colored" and not Indian.

Plecker writes that he is returning the certificate for Bonnie Jane Arthurs because Kason gives the race of the father and mother as white and this family belongs to the "free issue" group of Irish Creek. He also reminds Kason that it is a felony to falsely report the racial status.

Plecker writes that before his office can accept the birth certificate of his child, they need to have more information about his family.

Plecker explains that the birth of an illegitimate child of a white mother and colored father needs to be reported. He also advises that the child be brought into the Bureau of Vital Statistics and examined for racial characteristics. He writes, "Psychological examination or blood tests do not show the race. That has to be decided upon what can be seen and learned."

Plecker writes that he is sending her a copy the Racial Integrity Act of 1924 which shows that "no white person in Virginia is permitted to intermarry with any of the Asiatic races." He also writes that, "Filipinos are included in the Malay class."

Plecker answers her inquiry of the racial status of her recent husband by writing that the Dunge family are "negroes." However, he writes that to absolutely certify that her husband is colored Plecker would need more information about her husband's parents and grandparents. Plecker asks her to fill out a questionnaire. He also writes, "Please tell us what his appearance is. Do negro characteristics show in his hair and features?"

Plecker writes that he is not accepting her birth certificate as it is filled out, because her mother and father are from the Gibson and Collins' families that are descendants of "melungeons."

Plecker responds that the Clarke family has been trying aggressively to pass as white and advises Drummond that as a local resident of Amherst he is in a better position to judge for himself whether these people are colored or not.

Plecker responds to her letter about the "promiscuous sexual habits of Mattie Murray, the feeble-minded white woman who seems to have given birth to one or two mulatto children" by writing that the proper thing to do without loss of time is to "place this woman in the State Colony and have her sterilized." He also advises that the local officials are the best judge of determining the race based on the appearance of the mulattoes.

Plecker writes that he cannot accept his birth certificate because he is related to the Collins family who are "members of the group known as Melungeons, who are of mixed negro stock."

Plecker writes that he cannot accept his birth certificate because his parents are from the Gibson and Collins family who are known as "Melungeons."

Plecker writes that he needs more information on the Shaw family before he can accept his birth certificate.

Plecker writes that the Attorney General decided that the birth certificates for two of the Branham children can be issued without any comments stating that they are colored. Plecker states, "This is the worst backset which we have received since Judge Holt's decision." Plecker's recourse is that they will ensure that the certificates are accurate before they accept them. Plecker confesses, "I have been doing a good deal of bluffing, knowing all the time that it could not be legally sustained. This is the first time my hand has absolutely been called."

Plecker writes that he is returning her birth certificate with a note on the back which indicates the certificate contains false information pertaining to racial status. Plecker warns her, "I have no doubt at all but that it is all embarrassing for you. Your parents started out to make false statement about themselves, and their children are suffering...After the war it is possible that some of these cases will come into court. We might try this one. It would make a good one, if you continue to try to be what you are not."

Plecker is eager to know the race of the illegitimate children of Nellie Lee Clarke because they are living in the orphanage that he is planning on including in his will. Plecker writes that these children with their heredity and poor nurturing would be harmful to the other children in the orphanage.

Plecker writes that he cannot accept the birth certificate for Mary Lula Collins because she answers the questionnaire with "I don't know."

Plecker writes that he received the birth certificates for Kate Johns, Fred Benson Johns, and Aubrey Louis Johns in which the race is falsely designated as Indian. Plecker also writes that due to the passage of a recent law, it his duty is to write on the back of a birth certificate when he believes it contains false information. He explains that this new law places the burden on Plecker's office instead of on the local registrars.

Plecker writes that he needs the names of the children and their birthplace in order to determine their racial origin. It is his understanding that Elbert Proffit is "a Negroid." Plecker also inquires as to the appearance of the children and whether they show any "negro features and characteristics."

Plecker writes that he needs information from their earliest records on the Gibson and Collins family. Plecker is particularly interested in the records for Commodore M. Collins.

Plecker responds to a letter from Mr. Arthurs that he does not know to whom Arthurs is referring but assumes that it is one of Arthurs' children. Plecker explains that the John's family in Amherst County are from "free negro stock." Plecker encourages Arthurs to submit any evidence by filling out the questionnaires.

Plecker writes that the wife of Mr. Cleveland "belongs to a group of mixed breeds of Amherst and Rockbridge, known locally as 'free issues. '" The certificates for the nephews of Mrs. Cleveland were accepted several years ago as they came in because the office was swamped with inquiries. Plecker advises that the only way that these certificates can now be accepted is to "have the racial pedigree noted on the back of the certificate."

Plecker writes that it is difficult to establish the racial origin of Commodore M. Collins due to a lack of records. Plecker believes that Collin's grandfather is Solomon Collins who is listed in Carter G. Woodson's book as a Negro. Therefore he cannot register any of the Collins descendants as white. Plecker states that his wife is definitely white. He writes, "Probably she did not know the sort of family she was marrying into. The fact that he has probably good blood from good white stock to enable him to rise above his early surrounding does not remove the racial condition."

Plecker writes that she needs to fill out the questionnaire giving more family history. He writes, "Be sure to answer every question correctly and do not say that you 'don't know.' That expression does not establish any facts."

Plecker writes that he is holding her birth certificate because of a lack of evidence regarding her racial status. Plecker writes, "We are not willing to take chances when there is no positive evidence. The question is too involved for us to be able to handle at this time. It is not necessary for you to make further effort to register your birth."

Plecker writes that he received the birth certificates for Oma R. Collins (Williams) and Ronald Earl Williams with the signature of the midwife but he does not understand why the midwife signed the certificates in pencil when the rest of it is signed with ink in Miss Reel's handwriting.

Plecker writes again to Mrs. Jefferson asking her to give his office more information. He writes that if she cannot show when and where she was married, her children "will be considered illegitimate." He also writes that there will be no certified copies for the certificates until these questions are answered.

Plecker writes that according to the family tree, Nellie Clark and her illegitimate children in the orphanage are "of mixed stock and not white." Plecker writes that illegitimate children of mixed stock are dangerous for other children in the orphanage.

Plecker writes that he cannot place her birth certificate on file because her records are from Kentucky and North Carolina and his office only traces records from Virginia.

Plecker writes that he needs more information on the ancestry of Elizabeth Ann Floyd before he can accept the birth certificate for his daughter Betty Lou Hayslett.

Plecker writes that he has received two birth certificates for Oma Collins Williams and her husband Ronald Earl Williams, but he will need more information since they were born prior to 1912.

Plecker writes that he received Greene's birth certificate but the race of his parents is designated as "Indian " and Plecker needs to know when and where his parents were married and whether or not there were any other children.

Plecker responds to their inquiry on the racial status of Clarence Loving Branham by writing that he is sending them a photocopy of the certificate in which the midwife states that both of Branham's parents are colored. Plecker asks that no one know that the midwife designated the racial status as colored, "as a matter of protection for her."

Plecker writes that he is sending Pugh a new certificate with a statement on the back revealing that his mother is "of negro descent." He also writes, "If members of your family have certificates stating that they are white, they had better keep very quiet about them or return them to have them properly corrected. There are plenty of jobs open for colored people. You need have no trouble about that."

Plecker writes that he cannot accept her birth certificate because she did not fill out the information giving the names of her father's grandparents and great grandparents.

Plecker writes that the four birth certificates for her children cannot be accepted because the race of her parents is falsely designated as white. He requests that she write all the names and birthdays of the children on the back of one the certificates. He also writes, "All marriages between a white person and a colored person...shall be absolutely void. You cannot be the wife of a colored man."

Plecker writes that he his holding Collins' birth certificate until the "question of your pedigree is established." Plecker points out that Collins has contradicted himself about where his grandfather is born. Plecker also writes that without the records of North Carolina and Tennessee, he cannot trace the ancestry or accept Collins' birth certificate.

Plecker asks the Red Cross if the Turners are trying to pass as Indian. He writes, "Their efforts seem to be looked upon sympathetically by the Bureau of Indian Affairs, which has endeavored to declare large groups as Indian by proclamation." Also J. E Daniel, Chairman of the Selective Service has responded to Plecker that Turner is illegitimate, his racial status is falsely designated as white, and that Turner is a member of a group that calls themselves Portuguese.

Plecker writes that he cannot accept the birth certificate for her son, David because of a lack of background information. He writes, "It is too bad that a person of your age, 80 years old, can tell us nothing at all about your grandparents...It is useless to write further unless you can answer the questions which we asked."

Plecker writes that he cannot accept the birth certificate for her child, Ellamae Pearl Lethcoe because she has given conflicting information on the names of her parents.

Plecker responds that there is no birth certificate on file for Herman Carl Floyd but he can send a form and questionnaire so that he can be registered. He reminds them that registering falsely is a felony and carries a penalty of one year in the penitentiary.

Plecker writes he has received their request "for a birth certificate for a negro, Gilbert Emerson Page" but the facts are inaccurately given for racial status; Indian instead of "negro."

Plecker writes that he is sending him a photostat copy of the birth certificate of Betty Lou Margret Thompson. He also writes that an "Act of 1944 requires his office to put on the backs of the original certificate... information as to the pedigree when incorrect statements as to race have been made."

Plecker writes that he needs more information on the birth certificate for Mrs. Daisy Lyons Wingate, daughter of William B. Lyons and Clara Catherine Gibson."Since you have vouched for these people and realize the seriousness of it, we expect you to make a special effort to obtain the truth for us."

Plecker writes that she gives no evidence that Clara Catherine Gibson, the mother of Mrs. Daisy Lyons Wingate, is white. He advises her to tell the Gibsons that more information is needed and that if they are white they would want to give the information so it could be placed in their records for their future protection.

Plecker writes that he has received the birth certificate for Elmer Davis Adams and responds that the "Adams and Allmond families belong to stock descended from the free negroes..." He advises that the simplest thing to do is to have a doctor sign a new certificate. He also warns that the Grace Hospital watch carefully when admitting patients. He adds that the University of Virginia Hospital often writes to his office to verify the race of some patients.

Plecker responds to her inquiry that, according to the certificate on file, the race of the mother, Mary Elizabeth Gay is given as "Mixed."

Plecker writes that he is very surprised that the Adams have affidavits with Edwards' signature verifying that they are Indians because Plecker's office has a birth certificate signed by Edwards stating that Adams is mixed. Plecker also writes, "I shall be glad to hear from you just why you are contradicting yourself." Plecker also mentions the King William County petition from 100 years ago to remove the reservations because the Indians are now all mixed.

Plecker writes that the Adams family is using an affidavit, with Aylett's signature and stating that they are Indian, to be admitted into the white wards of the Medical College Hospital. Plecker requests that he explain why citizens are signing this affidavit.

Plecker writes that he is delighted at the great work Taft is doing in New Orleans and refers to him as Elijah, maintainer of the truth. Plecker is grateful for the Attorney General's new law that will allow the registrar to indicate the correct racial designation on the back of certificates. He writes that the other registrars laugh at him and think he is "an old crank trying to do the impossible."

Plecker received Perry's letter about a book on racial intermixture and writes to him, "There are quite a number of freaks of this sort who write books of that kind. They do not know it but they get their ideas from Communistic sources, frequently from foreign college professors. Every farmer boy knows that you cannot mix various types and breeds of stock and get anything but poor results. The same applies equally to human beings." He ends by saying that he hopes Georgia will follow Virginia on the race question and prevent racial intermarriage.

Plecker writes that he is returning the birth certificate for Wilridge Alexander Clark because he is "a descendant of a free negro" and thus cannot be registered as white.

Plecker responds to an inquiry about the racial status of Schuler Branham who is from "a mulatto family" by writing, "These people should not be allowed to pass as white or as Indians. They should not attend white schools and, above all, no white person should intermarry with them. I am sorry you did not tell us just what business they are engaged in and something more about them. We shall appreciate having as full a description of their doings as you may give."

Plecker writes that he miswrote when he informed him that Rosa Wood was kin to the Clark family. He writes, "The Rosa Wood involved in your case is not one of the 'free issues' but is just an ordinary mulatto-white and negro,-though [sic] after being up amongst the 'issues' in Amherst County, they are posing as one of them and of Indian descent." He adds that the son of Rosa Wood married a white woman, Mary Hall and they were given two years in the penitentiary.

Plecker compares notes with Beatty on the information concerning the Branham family and other families. He advises that any white people that have married into this family apply for annulments. He also mentions that he receives Beatty's letter about the activities of the Branham family.

Plecker writes to find out how Minter is proceeding with the annulment of the marriage between Emmett Wood and Frances Clark. He writes, "We attach great importance to this case, and we hope that you will fight it to a finish in the effort to secure an annulment for miscegenation, not for desertion or any other cause."

Plecker responds to their inquiry on the race of Dorothy Lucille Floyd by writing that they wait until Plecker's office can verify the race. He writes, "Do not consider this girl as white unless you secure our endorsement to that effect."

Plecker writes that he cannot accept Powell's birth certificate because his questionnaire is incomplete.

Plecker writes that he cannot accept Collier's birth certificate because his mother is a native of Kentucky, and his office does not have records other than Virginia or before the year 1853.

Plecker writes that he cannot accept Dodson's birth certificate as white because she lists her father as white and her mother as Indian and his records show that her mother, Rose Hurt is colored. He also writes that there is no marriage license for her parents, as expected since intermarriage is illegal. On another subject, he questions the authenticity of her Bible since the notary public states that it was printed in 1611. He asks for a copy of the Bible record and a correct printed date.

Plecker insists, in reference to a letter from Mr. Stuart F. Head, a Charlottesville attorney, that Donald Wayne Wheeler is "colored." Plecker also writes that, "Mr. Head is trying to eliminate my opinion through you and that he should be required to submit the child or, at least, a good photograph of him to you for your inspection." Plecker also writes that he is willing to testify in court.

Plecker's writes, "Since I have much surpassed the age limit of service as a State official, I am hereby tendering my resignation as State Registrar of Vital Statistics, effective June 30, 1946." He also writes that he would like to continue to have access to the racial files (which he says are the best records to be found anywhere) and to work with Miss Kelley by helping her write difficult correspondence concerning correct registrations. He also writes, "Of course, I would have no other connection with the direction of the Bureau, even though I might be Registrar Emeritus."

Plecker corresponds with Dr. Robins about the racial status of the Hague child. The mother is Frances Lillian Dalton and Plecker asks for more information on their background. Plecker writes, "We would not consider it safe to decide the case upon pigmentation of the genitalia alone without documentary evidence or marked facial characteristics."

Plecker writes that there is no reliable blood test for determining race and that mostly they use genealogical records, such as births, deaths, marriages, census reports and tax lists. Plecker encloses to Nixon a list of some mixed families that they have traced. He also writes that they like to know the appearance of the family and how they are viewed by the community.

Plecker answers an inquiry on the latest eugenics legislation. He explains that there have not been any new laws since the 1924 Racial Integrity Act. He encloses a list of names of the families who are mixed breeds trying to register as Indian or white. He also writes about the history of these families and his plans to write a book to be titled, Virginia's Vanished Race.

Plecker writes that he has a request from a lawyer for a birth certificate for Thelma Evelyn Burton but he cannot issue the certificate as white since her parents are falsely reported white. Plecker asks Hargis for more information on the Burton and Keith families.

Plecker writes that today is his last day of service as State Registrar of Vital Statistics. (He is past 85 years of age.) He writes that Powell will no longer be receiving copies of the correspondence from Plecker as registrar. He points out that if the copies are kept they will give a good history of the racial issues and in cases where no mixture was found, the letters should be eliminated. He also writes that his plans are to publish a work titled, The Vanished Race and Other Studies in Virginia Demographics.

Plecker writes that he cannot accept the birth certificate for Alfred Lee Shifflett because she has not completed the questionnaire.

Mason writes, "The P.O. Dept. in Washington is a disgrace, now being controlled by negroes."

Bolt writes that he heard that Plecker and Powell have a list of prominent people who are "negroid" and he would like to have this data for his campaign. He also writes that he is furious with Freeman Douglas for not being there.

An article prepared by Powell and Brockwell for Powell's concert. It describes the music of the negro as being primitive, with "childlike gaiety," and warm "religious emotion."

An advertisement for The Evening World's Morning Edition promises a series on the whole truth about the Ku Klux Klan.

An article about the increased development of Africa's resources.

An article promoting the Anglo-Saxon Clubs and their maintenance of racial purity through registration, legislation and social morals.

The article describes the Anglo-Saxon Clubs of America, born out of a movement of patriotism following the war. The article quotes President Roosevelt as describing the country as being threatened by "a polyglot boarding house."

The article describes a petition that the Clubs are sending to the next General Assembly to enact legislation to preserve the white race. The petition has 200,000 signatures.

Introduction of articles by John Powell and Earnest Sevier Cox on racial integrity.

Powell and Cox warn the public that the numbers of negro people are increasing and that if racial integrity is not preserved there will be amalgamation of the races. A petition requesting legislation to maintain separation of the races is printed in the article.

. North praises Cox, Powell, and the newspaper for the article on preserving racial integrity and the efforts of the Anglo-Saxon Clubs.

An editorial that echoes the question "Is White America To Become A Negroid Nation? " asked by Cox and Powell and pointing out the important and difficult role of the Bureau of Vital Statistics in preventing race amalgamation by Dr. W. A. Plecker.

An editorial that criticizes Prime Minister Baldwin for his speech on "English-Speaking Peoples. "

An article about Dr. Albert C. Hill, chief of the special schools bureau in the State Department of Education and his report that Indians are following the natural process of attending white schools and amalgamating with the white race.

The article describes the racial legislation that will take effect at midnight.

A book review praising the book, The Fire In The Flint , by Walter F. White.

Dr. W. A. Plecker tells members of the American Public Health association at the closing session of their fifty-third annual meeting, that America is engaged in a war to save civilization from the "color problem. "

Powell gives a talk at the Chamber of Commerce on racial integrity and his plans for an Anglo Saxon Club for Newport News. He mentions other prominent Anglo-Saxon Club members such as, Dr. Henry Louis Smith and Harry St. George Tucker.

An article about the purposes of the Anglo-Saxon Clubs.

This article mentions that a petition on behalf of 4,000,000 negroes led by Marcus Garvey is presented to President Coolidge for his help in funding their move to Liberia.

Dr. W. A. Plecker reports that the Racial Integrity Law is weak because persons with 1/16 or less of American Indian blood may intermarry with whites.

John Powell publishes corrections from a previous interview where he feels that he needs to clarify some misperceptions about his statements.

This editorial is about integrity legislation and the definition of 'pure blood. ' The distinction is made that both races will remain pure.

This article expresses the view that since the mulattoes are the result of the white man mixing with the negro, the white man should take responsibility and try to make amends to these people. John Powell is also mentioned and it is agreed that it is very difficult "to discern the negro from the white. "

Governor Trinkle and Dr. W. A. Plecker receive a letter from a woman threatening to assassinate them if they continue further with racial integrity legislation. Neither Trinkle nor Plecker take the threat seriously.

An editorial describes that Dr. W. A. Plecker appears to have violated the departmental regulations in mailing government state documents but actually he just offended Pennsylvania and New York 'Negroes. '

This article reveals that Powell gives a talk at the Courthouse, and he also sets up an Anglo-Saxon Club in Newport News. The president of the club is Dr. J. Wilton Hope. During his talk, Powell gives examples of the degeneration of the races through amalgamation.

John Powell speaks at the Georgia legislature to promote racial integrity legislation that has been introduced by James C. Davis. Governor Clifford Walker has pledged his support.

John Powell speaks for twenty minutes to the Georgia legislature and the legislators are so supportive,they unanimously extend the floor to him for even longer.

W. S. Copeland, of The Newport News Daily Press has written an editorial charging Dr. James E. Gregg, President of the Hampton Institute with teaching social equality between the races. Gregg has denied the charges but the Anglo-Saxon Club is not satisfied with his response. Governor Trinkle is reported as saying that he "is deeply interested in the matter. "This charge is originally from research performed at the school by John Powell.

This article reveals that Lawrence T. Price, the Chairman of the National Executive Committee of the Anglo-Saxon Clubs has requested that twenty two prominent Southerners, including Governor Trinkle withdraw their names from the Hampton Institute's endowment fund committee due to charges from The Newport News Daily Press that the Institute is teaching social equality between the races. Dr. James E. Gregg, the President of the Institute does not respond but The Crisis , a negro newspaper, responds that the Hampton Institute has always taught social equality and will continue to do so.

Dr. Lawrence Price, head of the Anglo-Saxon Clubs of America has written a letter requesting twenty-two prominent Southerners, including Governor Trinkle, withdraw their names from the Hampton Institute's endowment fund committee because of the charges against the Institute for teaching social equality between the races.

An editorial criticizing the Hampton Institute for teaching social equality and creating tension between the races. The author writes that the races get along fine because they stay separate. He also mentions his support for The Newport News Daily Press and J. Thomas Newsome who is a well educated southern negro who understands that in order to have friendly relations with whites, separation of the races is necessary.

An article about John Powell's request that Dr. James E. Gregg, the Superintendent of the Hampton Negro College, respond to the charge that they are teaching racial equality at the school.

An editorial by A. White that supports the races mixing together. He mentions that Dr. Hope protested against the North Carolina Glee Club entertaining at Ogden Hall and counters that there are entertainment halls all over the country performing to segregated audiences. He also points out that the Hampton Institute does not ban white people from attending their library and other events. The Newport News Daily Press prints a response to this editorial that the newspaper fully supports Dr. Hope and states that the author of this editorial (A.White) "is not familiar with traditions and customs in old Virginia. "

An article about an interview from The Week , between W. S. Copeland, editor of The Newport News Daily Press and Dr. James E. Gregg, Principal of the Hampton Institute. Copeland asks: If white and Colored meet on terms of 'social equality?'" and Gregg answers, "Yes, in Broad daylight and not after dark on the method so strictly and religiously observed by Copeland's henchmen." Hampton is opposed to the white mans "back door courtship" that has flooded the streets of Virginia, with mulatto children, born out of wedlock.

A message from the newspaper to its readers in reference to the editorials that have been written about the Hampton Institute and its alleged teaching of social equality between the races. The Hampton Institute has not responded in public or print and so the newspaper has no means to continue the discussion. The newspaper offers space to the Hampton Institute to respond and wishes the public to know that they have not put any pressure on the Institute to keep quiet.

An article that explains that 'Negroes 'learn from their schools and their parents that they are entitled to equal rights before they even attend the Hampton Institute.

An editorial in The Newport News Daily Press by A. White who criticizes the Anglo-Saxon Club for "badgering a friendly Institute. " White acknowledges the superiority of the white race but finds nothing wrong with trying to help the weaker race by mixing with them. As an example he cites the seating at Ogden Hall.

An article that espouses the great attributes of the Hampton Institute and states that it does the Institute great harm to even imply social equality between the races.

Frank Darling, a member of the Advisory Board of the Hampton Institute disagrees with Dr. Gregg's statement that "there has never been encouragement of social mingling of the races under circumstances which would lead to embarrassment on either side. " Darling writes that he has seen the mingling of the races at the Institute. The Anglo-Saxon Club demands that Gregg rectify the conditions and also mentions that the Governor is planning to press charges. Gregg is told that Marcus Garvey and his organization, The Universal Negro Improvement Association, will help alleviate the pressure from other negro newspapers and negro organizations.

E. B. White is the speaker for the Ku Klux Klan lecture which denounces the Chief of Police for not supporting the Klan during their conclave and praises the local Newport News newspapers for attacking the 'rich ' Hampton Institute.

This article sympathizes with Dr. Gregg and describes that most of the country has been closely watching this attack from the Anglo-Saxon Clubs of America on the Hampton Institute. The article quotes Gregg's letter in which he states that the Institute "does not encourage social mingling of the races in a 'romantic' way" and "publicly announces a strict policy on separation." The Anglo-Saxon Clubs of America are referred to as fanatics and are criticized for not following their "alleged policy of 'fostering better race relations.'"

Denver Ku Klux Klan decides to secede from the national organization. Many other klans are planning the same action.

An editorial that highly praises Marcus Garvey for his brilliant leadership in moving both whites and blacks closer to a pure race. The article also criticizes the United States for deporting Garvey instead of supporting him.

An article about Marcus Garvey who has been taken to the Atlanta Penitentiary to serve five year for having induced other negroes to buy stock in the Black Star Line, Inc. The article says that after his sentence is over, he will be deported to the West Indies where he was born.

An article about meetings that show the dissatisfaction that negro men and women are expressing about Garvey's actions as head of the Universal Negro Improvement Association. A. Philip Randolph, editor of The New Messenger and speaking for "Friends of Negro Freedom, "criticizes Garvey for his association with the Ku Klux Klan, and his business with the Black Star Line, Inc. The article also mentions J. W. H. Eason and his split with Garvey in favor of the Universal Negro Alliance. He feels it would be better for negroes to face their problems in this country than to move abroad and deal with new problems.

An article about a meeting where speakers are criticizing Garvey. A. Philip Randolph, editor of The New Messenger presides at the meeting where Professor William Pickens speaks about the need for negroes and whites to get along in America. Pickens also criticizes Garvey for fraternizing with the Ku Klux Klan in order to obtain money from southern whites.

Powell cites the Jewish people as a model for preserving their racial integrity. He also discusses people that have experienced amalgamation and decay such as Egypt and Latin America.

Ame Jacques Garvey speaks on the negro movement as well as Earnest Sevier Cox, John Powell, and Colonel G. Percy Hawes.

Ame Jacques Garvey visits Dr. W. A. Plecker, the Registrar of Vital Statistics to reassure him that she is working in support of his cause, although he was not in the office.

Brookes warns of the dangers of a society that blends together its races and praises the newspaper editorials for their coverage of this subject.

Scott criticizes the work of Earnest Sevier Cox, citing that it is not based on scientific evidence but more on absurdity.

An editorial is printed in The Negro World that suggests that Garvey is in alliance with Powell and Cox to denigrate negroes. Two telegrams are printed in The Norfolk Journal and Guide in which Garvey responds that the claims of the editorial are untrue and that his only goal is to create a "black Africa for black men and a White America for white men. "

The article states that this situation may upset the digestion of John Powell and Earnest Sevier Cox as they believe "no such thing should be allowed."

An editorial criticizes the work of Earnest Sevier Cox on racial integrity. The article creates stimulating conversation between Cox and the editor.

Marcus Garvey writes that the two organizations, the Anglo-Saxon Clubs of America and the Universal Improvement Negro Association are both working together for the same ideal which is to preserve their race.

An article about the burial of Robert Damell, the sexton of the church for eighteen years who was deeply respected by the white congregation of St. Paul's. Both of the races came together for the funeral of this man. The Newport News Daily Press states that this mixed audience is a very different situation than the attendance of a concert and the difference should be obvious and if someone does not understand it, they are not "manor-born."

An editorial by "Nordic" responds to the editor by writing that it is appropriate to sit in a mixed audience during a funeral for a colored person because that is a moral and Christian decision. He points out that the bible does not say to keep the races separate. He mentions Dr. J. Wilton Hope, President of the Anglo-Saxon Club of Hampton and asks whether he would want to ask St. Peter to separate him from 'Negroes ' in heaven.

The editor of The Newport News Daily Press responds to an editorial by "Nordic" by writing that racial distinctions are designated in the bible such as, "All flesh is not the same flesh, but there is one kind of flesh of men?" He also writes ?that The Newport News Daily Press holds that it is "presumptuous and insolent, rebellious and defiant for mortals to erase the lines which the Creator Himself hath designed and wrought." The Newport News Daily Press further criticizes the Hampton Institute for breaking an unwritten law of keeping the races separate.

The editor of The Newport News Daily Press responds to "Nordic" by explaining that separation would occur at the funeral if it had been held in a white church. He also states that there is no need of separation in heaven because there are no marriages, just "angels of God." He also writes that "Nordic" would understand better if he were born a southerner.

"Nordic" writes in a friendly way to the Southern editor that the internal organization of the Hampton Institute is not the business of outsiders. He also discusses religion; there are no marriages in heaven; (so there is no need to worry about intermarriages). He also writes that not only is the spirit resurrected but so is the body and he adds, "nothing is said about bleaching" [making the bodies white].

[The editor writes,] "The people of the peninsula are being treated again to an outburst by the racial integrity brigade. Messrs. Copeland, Powell and Plecker have been reinforced by one Dr. J. Wilton Hope," who recently protested the Glee Club of North Carolina for giving a recital in Ogden Hall, at the Hampton Institute. The editor writes that the concert is performed for the school and whites are welcome but if they don't like the mixed seating, they do not have to come. A reference is also made to the mixed seating at the funeral for the sexton at St. Paul's Church.

An article regarding the complaints from the Anglo-Saxon Club of Hampton that the seating is mixed at the Hampton Institute concert.

There is another article photocopied on the same page, "Will His Black Mammy Recognize Him When He Gets to Heaven, " which is from The Newport News Daily Press . The author of the article suggests that when going to heaven, the mortal body is left behind and there will be no concern about intermarriage, or the race problem. There will just be "new creatures."

Powell and Cox give a talk about protesting the teaching of social equality between the races and request that a resolution be presented to the legislature requiring mixed seating in public to be illegal. Capt. George Alvin Massenburg is to introduce the bill at the next session.

Delegate K. C. Kizer, representative of the Louisiana State University withdraws from the Federal Student Foundation after a negro girl named, Mabel Halloway, is elected to the executive committee of the Federation as the representative for the south.

An article about Leonard Kip Rhinelander who attempts to sue for an annulment of his marriage to Alice Jones, a negro. The article complains that most states do not support racial integrity and views whites and negroes without making a distinction.

An article depicting some of the testimony in the Rhinelander case. The author is criticizing northerners for not understanding the language of negroes and southerners. He writes about how the defense attorney Lee Parson Davis interrogates Leonard K. Rhinelander about why he did not recognize his wife's language as negro. The expression "You-all goin' to a struttin' pahty" was not typically negro according to Rhinelander.

The editorial is about the Hampton Institute being allowed to operate under its own rules. He also makes reference to the Rhinelanders, a well known court case involving a white man who married a mulatto woman.

South African Assembly passes the Color Bar bill that restricts the rights of the natives and gives whites the control in the Union.

Several speakers attend a protest to help Marcus Garvey.

An article by D. P. S. Adams on Some Cogent Reasoning Showing the Correctness of the Attitude of the U.N.I.A. (Universal Negro Improvement Association) and African National Congress in Teaching Negroes as a Race to Strive for Parity With Other Races in Development and Power.

A cartoon in The Chicago Defender that mocks racial integrity legislation in Virginia.

Editorial expresses the opinion that The Chicago Defender , a negro newspaper, is making fun of Virginia's Racial Integrity Laws and is concerned because the newspaper is read throughout the south by negroes. The article states that "it is bad for Virginia, and it is bad for the South." [See cartoon 45:71 "Baying At The Moon"]

The article describes The Chicago Defender as a northern newspaper for negroes and discusses the harm that the newspaper and its cartoons like "Baying At The Moon" can cause.

An article about Dr. Plecker's discovery that 3,000 Indians of Eastern Virginia, the Pamunkeys, the Mattaponis and others are negroid.

One is about the Massenburg bill that requires the separation of the races as compulsory in public meeting places.

The second article is titled "Powell Paints Lurid Picture of Depravity Of White Virginia " by J. A. Rogers, The Norfolk Journal and Guide . Rogers writes that he is looking forward to John Powell's series of articles called, ?The Last Stand," which consists of twelve articles about families that are living as white but have ancestors that have mixed with negroes. Rogers states that the articles "will furnish splendid proof that racial purity is a myth."

One in a series of articles by John Powell about families that have been living as white but have traces of negro blood from their ancestors.

Senators Johnson, Haddon, and Wickham vote against the bill in the Senate, while Senators Mills and Barron plead for its passage in vain.

"There is not one chance in ten thousand that Governor Byrd will refuse to sign the Massenburg bill." The bill will require the separation of the races in all public meeting places.

Dr. W. A. Plecker, Registrar for the Bureau of Vital Statistics, reports that there is a decline in marriages and birth rates due to the high cost of maintaining a modern home. He also writes that the "mixed breeds" are the ones that are reproducing and many are passing successfully as white.

Mrs. Grace M. Dorsey has received an annulment from her husband Bertram A. Dorsey. She did not have parental consent because of her young age and she claims that she did not know that he was negro because his skin was so light.

Another article is photocopied on the same page, about a police officer who is shot and killed when he is searching a "negress'" house for liquor. Todd Hodges, a young negro, thought that the police officer was a burglar and fired a shot. He then ran which made him look suspicious and the police have arrested him. Three to four hundred men in robes, with burning crosses went to the house where the officer was shot.

Hancock writes that the most recent racial integrity legislation did not pass because it "lacked the stalwart characteristics of statesmanship." He believes that racial purity will come from helping the negroes to live better rather than by legislation.

An article reveals that twenty six Richmonders signed a statement verifying that the opposition of the Racial Integrity Bill of 1926 was based on "misinformation? and "misunderstanding" of the proposed bills.

A book review praising a book by Edward Bryan Reuter, "The American Race Problem, A Sociological Study of the Negro People. "

Several children attending white schools are forced to attend colored schools. According to Dr. W. A. Plecker, Registrar for the Bureau of Vital Statistics, all Indians in Virginia have some 'negro ' blood. A new school for the children will open so that they will not have to go to a 'negro ' school or miss school altogether.

Unidentified newspaper article warning the South that their legislation to restrict 'negro ' voting rights will no longer be easily passed.

Two unidentified newspaper articles about the legislation in the General Assembly of Virginia. The first article concerns Governor Byrd and the approval of Constitutional Amendments. The second article is regarding House Bill No. 2 which defines colored people as having any ascertainable trace of "Negro" blood.

An editorial about the racial integrity legislation that is going through the General Assembly of Virginia and according to the editorial, claims that some of the First Families of Virginia be defined as colored.

An article about House Bill No. 2 which aims to specifically define a ?colored person." Indians and other opponents of the bill argue that the current racial legislation is sufficient and that "the new bill will destroy the racial identity of the Virginia Indians" but the advocates argue that there needs to be a definition of "colored persons."

The Mu Sigma Rho Literary Society of the University of Richmond will debate whether the racial integrity legislation should be modified. Charles J. Ross and H. G. Kincheloe will argue for it and J. J. Booker and L. C. Hall will argue against.

An article about Dr. W. A. Plecker's claim that 'negro ' blood was introduced into the Indian tribes 200 years ago. He cites the book, "The Free Negro in Virginia " as his reference of court records proving that the Indians mixed with the 'negroes. ' Dr. Plecker makes this claim in response to Chief Cook of the Pamunkey Tribe and Chief Custalow of the Mattaponis Tribe who state that their people are pure Indian.

An editorial about his support for the Indian Tribes of Virginia and his concern about the current crisis where legislation such as House Bill No.2 is redefining them as 'negro. ' He mentions his support for Dr. Lawrence Price but believes that Price is "laboring under a misapprehension and does not intend to cause needless suffering among these people."

An article by Earnest Sevier Cox, and an introduction by John Powell, about a petition to the General Assembly of Virginia in support of racial integrity legislation.

Senator Henry T. Wickham, and Senator T. Gray Haddon "succeeded in tomahawking" the bill thus protecting the Indian tribes of Virginia. The Indians, were present in the courtroom, "clad in feather regalia" and "nodding their heads in approval." Senator Marshall N. Booker, and Senator R. O. Norris fought for its passage. The bill had been introduced by Lawrence T. Price and defines "negroes as any one with any ascertainable trace of negro blood."

The article describes the defeat of House Bill No. 2. Senator T. Gray Haddon is quoted as saying, "the measure came from a source which was determined to make the Indians Negroes whether they were or not." The article argues that the only thing that the bill proposed was to "define a colored person as any one having an ascertainable amount of Negro blood." It also states that the only reason it was defeated is because the Senate was vulnerable to the "onslaught made on its emotions and sympathies." The article predicts that House Bill No. 2 will be passed next session.

A newspaper article about Douglas Gordon presenting an award to Dr. Nathaniel Dett, the Music director at Hampton. Gordon gives a speech in support of the 'Negro ' being his equal.

Dr. Samuel Holmes, zoologist and biologist, gives a faculty lecture at the University of California where he discusses his concerns about the biological trend of the 'negro ' and their rapid increase in population. He offers a solution of compulsory birth control based on quotas for white and 'negro ' families.

An article by Virginius Dabney,that describes the opposing views of racial integrity in Virginia. On the one hand, John Powell is protecting white people from miscegenation. Conversely, racial integrity is creating tension between the races, and some people believe that there is no risk of miscegenation.

The article is an interview of John Powell and his theories about allowing the 'negro ' to create music that is not influenced by whites.

An article about a new race going back to the first white settlers of America. It is discussed in a new book, Brown America, the Story a New Race.

An article about a six year-old 'negro ' girl that was attacked by a sixteen year-old named Merritt Bragg.

An article about Senator Langer's plans to reintroduce his bill from the last Congress (S.759) to aid 'Negroes ' who will move to Liberia and Senator Richard Russell plans to introduce a bill he offered in 1949 for aid to persons who volunteer to change States for racial reasons.

An editorial against colonization and expressing the desire to live in America and not be denied the equal rights of the Constitution.

An article by J. A. Rogers which is basically an interview with John Powell and Earnest Sevier Cox exposing their ideas about carrying the 'negroes ' home to Africa.

An editorial by Thomas Lomax Hunter who does not want the "Negroes " to go to Africa. (Hunter writes another editorial, see 46:11)

An article about Gordon B. Hancock's protest against colonization.

Musicians, R.Nathaniel Dett, Clarence Cameron White, Ray Francis Brown, and J. Harold Brown respond that negro music is not influenced by whites.

An editorial praising Powell for his piano music and his preservation of Anglo-Saxon folksongs.

An article about James Richards who translates the bible into his native Sussex dialect which resembles the language of American "Negro" spirituals.

An article about the beauty and economics of Liberia. The article also mentions Edward R. Stettinius, Jr. and Austin Brockenbrough who invested business in Liberia.

Editorial about hillbilly music.

An editorial by Benjamin Gibbons, President, Universal African Nationalist Movement, about settling in Liberia and the colonization legislation of Senator Langer.

Texas Citizens Council filed suit to prevent the payment of State funds to any public school that desegregates and other schools are waiting to see how this lawsuit is decided.

Washington and Lee University Rector, James R. Caskie, states that he does not want the Association of American Law Schools to have any say on who shall be admitted to the University.

An editorial complains that columnist, Ray Tucker's review of W. E. Debnam's new book, My Old Kentucky Home, Good Night mistakenly refers to material from another book, Weep No More, My lady

Professor Clennon King, from a Mississippi Negro college, testified before the Senate Foreign Relations Committee as a supporter of Senator Langer's bill to move the Negroes to Africa for more security and to maintain segregation of the black race.

An article that expresses concern that a "federal judge has civil contempt powers to force compliance with their orders in voting rights cases."

The author of the editorial complains that the desegregated schools have violence and racial tensions that are causing harm to the children. The author adds that they had warned that this would happen. He writes, "we told you so."

Rogers comments that the one good thing that has come out of the 1954 Supreme Court decision on school desegregation is that Richmond is considering a revival of private schools. He tells the rich history of private schools in Richmond, going back to the year, 1759. He mentions the Lancaster School, The Academy of Fine Arts and Science of the United States, and the Richmond Academy for Female Education. He also mentions John Peyton McGuire and his school for boys.

Excerpts from a talk given by the editor of The Montgomery Advertiser . Grover C. Hall, Jr., a "colorful," "Southern," and "fearless" editor writes about how the South will not respond well to desegregation. He states, "If Northern politicians, licksplitting and honey-bunching the minority voting blocs in the North, impel the Federal government to grind down upon the South one of two things may happen. Much of the South will close its schools or there will be violence."

Erwin Knoll, education writer for The Washington Post and Times-Herald writes that integration has not caused much violence and offers opportunities for schools to share assets, and have more space.

An editorial suggests that there is a need for the public to develop tuition grants for private segregated schools.

An article about Leon Dure's proposal to allow tuition grants for use in private schools for those families that want a segregated school.

Editorial by Philip L. Lacy who writes that North Carolina is accepting 'negroes ' in their schools and he warns that if Colgate Darden has his way, Virginia will soon be following the same path, and opening the door to intermarriage.

An editorial by Ida E. R. Abernethy expressing the concern that integration will not offer anything to white children and will actually harm them.

An editorial about the candidates that are running for City Council and how they don't understand the segregation proposal of Governor Byrd.

An article by Nell Battle Lewis (sister of Dr. Ivey Lewis) criticizing an editorial written by Sarah Patton Boyle, a faculty wife in support of integrating schools.

An orderly crowd of 5,000 Virginians stand in front of the State Capital in Richmond calling themselves "the Bill of Rights Crusade" and protesting desegregation. The group is led by C. Benton Coiner of Waynesboro and Edward J. Silverman, a weekly newspaper editor from Blackstone.

A publication of The Defenders of State Sovereignty and Individual Liberties dedicated to preserving a government of laws under a written constitution.

An editorial criticizing President Kennedy and his brother, Robert Kennedy, for their assault on the State of Virginia and desegregation. The article also reports that protestors standing outside of the building where Mr. Kennedy is giving his speech are arrested.

An exclusive by George McGrath about 'negro ' organizations across the country promoting black nationalism. He writes that some are violent and infiltrated with communism. The article also mentions that one of the more respectable organizations is The Nation of Islam and Malcolm X.

An article about the tension that exists between the races in the North as well as the South.

An article about some attacks that were made on a house belonging to a negro, Samuel Brown, by white men.

An editorial by Richard L. Mason, Head of the History Department, College of William and Mary about the reasons why Plymouth, Massachusetts cannot use the slogan, "The Nation's Birthplace." He writes that more than a decade before pilgrims landed on Plymouth Rock, they had met at Jamestown. He also mentions the supporting work of Dr. David Saville Muzzey, of Columbia University.

An article about the descendants of Pocahontas and The United States Ambassador presentation of two memorial windows to Princess Pocahontas.

Article gives a review of Dr. Gunmar Myr Day and his book, An American Dilemma

An editorial by Richard Chase encouraging schools, colleges, churches, and community organizations to revitalize the genuine folk songs, traditions and customs of Anglo-Saxon heritage.

Article describes an interview with John Powell about his views on 'negro ' music. He states that 'negro ' music is not American, but African.

An article about the Richmond Democratic League encouraging the 'Negro ' Democratic voters to go to the polls.

An editorial accuses the south of having a degenerating culture. Reference is made to all the rioting in the south. The editorial suggests that the north and west should help the 'negro ' so that the 'negro ' can in turn educate the southern brethren.

An article quoted Lord Raglan as saying, "what is happening in America is what always happens when two races occupy the same country? They always fuse."

An editorial by Thomas Lomax Hunter, in which he expresses his opinion that the races have already been mixed and it is very cruel to declare a person that is living as white to change to 'negro '. He also writes that Alexander Dumas was once questioned about the race of his great-grandfather in which Dumas replied, "An ape, sir, thundered the great man? My pedigree commences where yours terminates."

This is an article about white writer Leo M. Favrot's idea that "the white chambers of commerce should arrange to meet and discuss community problems with colored citizens."

An article about legislation by Governor Byrd that is passed in the Senate and proposes that any lynching activity is a crime against the State. This legislation reflects a revulsion for mob violence.

An article about the Convention of the American Public Health Association where Dr. Plecker gave a talk on "Virginia's Attempt to Adjust the Color Problem."

An article about a bill to abolish the flogging of convicts in Virginia. The bill is argued by mothers of Virginia who are opposed to flogging. The Newport News Daily Press regards this as a strong argument to pass the bill.

An article about the indictment of 24 year-old Mary Hall for her marriage to Mott Hamilton Wood, an alleged mulatto. John Powell and Dr. W. A. Plecker are also mentioned in the article in regard to their efforts to pass legislation that defines a 'negro '.

An article by James Weldon Johnson, Secretary of The Negro Advancement Association who responds to Powell's article on the deterioration of the white race.

An article about Dr. Henry E. Garrett, Professor of Educational Psychology at the University of Virginia who believes that 'negroes ' are inferior in their personality and mental abilities.

Powell is speaking to the Woman's Constitution League and the Anglo-Saxon Newport News Club.

An article that describes Powell's speech on a homogenous nation.

An article about Powell's commission to make other American Composers aware of the musical folklore in America.

An article quotes Powell from an interview that he gave in England after a concert.

An article supporting the folklore and Anglo-Saxon heritage that John Powell and Richard Chase are trying to preserve.

Part of the article is missing.

Fragment of an article.

An article expressing support to a woman who unknowingly married a black man.

An article written by a 'negro ' at The Newport News Daily Press points out that white men are the ones that are responsible for the creation of mulattoes because they had illegitimate intercourse with 'negro ' women. The Newport News Daily Press warns against race mixing and urges people to keep the races separate.

Taylor writes that "Negroes" are an inferior race and would collapse without leaning on white society. He also writes that the founding fathers possessed judgement, character, and courage which "Negroes do not have."